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HandWiki. Cyber-Ethnography. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37310 (accessed on 24 September 2026).
HandWiki. Cyber-Ethnography. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37310. Accessed September 24, 2026.
HandWiki. "Cyber-Ethnography" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37310 (accessed September 24, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 30). Cyber-Ethnography. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37310
HandWiki. "Cyber-Ethnography." Encyclopedia. Web. 30 November, 2022.
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Cyber-ethnography, also known as virtual ethnography, digital ethnography and most commonly online ethnography, is an online research method that adapts ethnographic methods to the study of the communities and cultures created through computer-mediated social interaction. As modifications of the term ethnography, cyber-ethnography, online ethnography and virtual ethnography (as well as many other methodological neologisms) designate particular variations regarding the conduct of online fieldwork that adapts ethnographic methodology. There is no canonical approach to cyber-ethnography that prescribes how ethnography is adapted to the online setting. Instead individual researchers are left to specify their own adaptations. Netnography is another form of online ethnography or cyber-ethnography with more specific sets of guidelines and rules, and a common multidisciplinary base of literature and scholars. This article is not about a particular neologism, but the general application of ethnographic methods to online fieldwork as practiced by anthropologists, sociologists, and other scholars.
virtual ethnography
digital ethnography
online ethnography
References
- Clifford, J. (1997). Spatial Practices: Fieldwork, Travel, and the Discipline of Anthropology. In A. Gupta & J. Ferguson (Eds.) Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 185-222.
- Garcia; Cora, Angela; Standlee, Alecea I.; Bechkoff, Jennifer; Cui, Yan (2009). "Ethnographic Approaches to the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 38 (1): 52–84. doi:10.1177/0891241607310839. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0891241607310839
- Robinson, L., & Schulz, J., "New fieldsites, new methods: New ethnographic opportunities," Ch. 8 In The Handbook of Emergent Technologies in Social Research.
- Del Fresno, Miguel (2011) Netnografía. Investigación, análisis e intervención social. Editorial UOC, 1ª edición, Barcelona, España
- Bell, D. (2001). An introduction to cyberculture. New York: Routledge
- Miller, D., and Slater, D. (2000). The Internet: An ethnographic approach. Oxford; New York: Berg.
- Geertz, Clifford (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
- Hine, Christine (2000). Virtual Ethnography. London: Sage.
- Markham, Anette (1998). Life Online: Researching Real Experience in Virtual Space. AltaMira Press.
- Domínguez, Daniel; Beaulieu, Anne; Estalella, Adolfo; Gómez, Edgar; Schnettler, Bernt; Read, Rosie (2007). "Virtual Ethnography". Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum Qualitative Social Research 8: 3. http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/3-07/07-3-E1-e.htm.
- Lane, Jeffrey (2016). "The Digital Street: An Ethnographic Study of Networked Street Life in Harlem" (in en). American Behavioral Scientist 60 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1177/0002764215601711. ISSN 0002-7642. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764215601711
- Papacharissi, Zizi. (2011). A networked self : identity, community and culture on social network sites. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-80180-5. OCLC 726826400. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/726826400
- Robinson, Laura (2007-02-01). "The cyberself: the self-ing project goes online, symbolic interaction in the digital age" (in en). New Media & Society 9 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1177/1461444807072216. ISSN 1461-4448. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444807072216
- Sara Gwendolyn Ross (2019). Law and Intangible Cultural Heritage in the City. Routledge. p. 65.
- Wilson, Samuel M.; Peterson, Leighton C. (2002). "The Anthropology of Online Communities". Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 449–467. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085436. https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.31.040402.085436
- http://www.aaanet.org/issues/policy-advocacy/upload/2009-AAA-Ethics-Code.pdf
- Murthy, D. (2011) "Emergent digital ethnographic methods for social research," Ch. 7 In The Handbook of Emergent Technologies in Social Research.
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