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Topic Review
Interpersonal Relationship
Interpersonal relationships refer to the social connections and interactions between individuals, characterized by emotional bonds, communication, and mutual influence. These relationships encompass various forms, including friendships, familial ties, romantic partnerships, and professional connections, playing a crucial role in shaping individuals' social and emotional well-being.
  • 778
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Value
In social sciences, value refers to a deeply held belief or principle that guides individuals' attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making processes. Values are subjective and culturally influenced, reflecting what individuals consider important, desirable, or morally significant in their lives and interactions with others. They serve as guiding principles that shape social norms, institutions, and collective identities within society.
  • 775
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Attitude
In sociology, the concept of "attitude" refers to an individual's evaluative stance or orientation toward a particular object, person, group, idea, or social issue. Attitudes are subjective expressions of favorability or unfavorability, positive or negative feelings, and predispositions that shape individuals' responses and behaviors. Understanding attitudes is essential in sociology as they play a crucial role in shaping social interactions, group dynamics, and societal structures.
  • 771
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Alley Dwelling Authority
The Alley Dwelling Authority was a government funded program that sought to help with the development of alley dwellings in Washington, D.C.. Alleys in Washington suffered from a variety of problems, most prominently overpopulation and poverty that increased rapidly over the 1800s, particularly in Foggy Bottom. In 1822, the neighborhood had an estimated forty households with a majority of skilled workers; however, by 1860 there were around 175 households. This drastic change yielded the percentage of skilled workers and unskilled workers to fluctuate. This suggests that there was a boom in the economy and a drastic change in the need for factory hands. This change was beneficial because it created greater numbers to flock into these new areas of Foggy Bottom, then forcing groups like the Alley Dwelling Authorities to step in and reconstruct old dilapidated homes.
  • 761
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Google Friend Connect
Google Friend Connect was a free social networking site from 2008 to 2012. Similar in practice to Facebook Platform and MySpaceID, it took a decentralised approach, allowing users to build a profile to share and update information (through messaging, photographs and video content) via third-party sites. These sites acted as a host for profile sharing and social exchanges. Google Friend Connect used open standards such as OpenID, oAuth and OpenSocial and with the intent of freeing users from having to register for additional accounts or usernames. Once authenticated they could use their existing profile and access a social graph when posting messages. It has been said that "social network APIs (how different services on the web talk to each other) such as the[MySpace API, Facebook Connect and Google Friend Connect take the online social graph beyond social networking sites to external web sites and applications". This social graph feature allowed a user to post a message on a third-party site, but allowed viewing access only to other authorised "friends" contained within the user's chosen social graph. Friend Connect was removed for all non-Blogger sites by March 1, 2012, and for Blogger sites on January 11, 2016.
  • 756
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cyber-Ethnography
Cyber-ethnography, also known as virtual ethnography, digital ethnography and most commonly online ethnography, is an online research method that adapts ethnographic methods to the study of the communities and cultures created through computer-mediated social interaction. As modifications of the term ethnography, cyber-ethnography, online ethnography and virtual ethnography (as well as many other methodological neologisms) designate particular variations regarding the conduct of online fieldwork that adapts ethnographic methodology. There is no canonical approach to cyber-ethnography that prescribes how ethnography is adapted to the online setting. Instead individual researchers are left to specify their own adaptations. Netnography is another form of online ethnography or cyber-ethnography with more specific sets of guidelines and rules, and a common multidisciplinary base of literature and scholars. This article is not about a particular neologism, but the general application of ethnographic methods to online fieldwork as practiced by anthropologists, sociologists, and other scholars.
  • 746
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Being Nonreligious in Croatia
Catholicism in the Croatian context has been one of the most powerful sources of collective belonging for centuries. Since the fall of socialism, desecularization tendencies have manifested as homogenization, collectivization, and deprivatization of religion. (Non)religiosity became a contested issue, which not only implied belonging (ethnic, national, historical) but was also highly politicized.
  • 735
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
The Internet of Things in Poland
One definition of the Internet of Things refers to devices that can be directly connected to the internet or other devices using wireless networks or, less frequently, cables. This definition of the IoT includes contemporary telephones, cameras, movement sensors, weather stations, even dishwashers, vehicles, industrial machinery, and daily outfits. Almost any object can get connected to the internet even if it was not manufactured as intended for the IOT, because in the majority of cases its functionality can be extended. The IOT has been growing dynamically, offering smart technological solutions. IoT-based applications are client-server operable which requires a specific communication protocol that can be used to determine a client-server communication model, allowing all clients to perform specific tasks thanks to communications via the internet. Poland’s rural areas that are diversified in terms of economic development are poorly equipped with basic infrastructure, which is a barrier to the functioning of people with limited mobility. 
  • 723
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Freedom
The concept of freedom has been a central theme in philosophy, politics, and human discourse throughout history. While interpretations may vary, freedom generally refers to the state of being free from coercion, constraint, or interference, allowing individuals to act or choose according to their own will. It encompasses various dimensions, including political, social, economic, and personal freedoms.
  • 720
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Secularization
Secularization is a complex sociological concept that denotes the diminishing influence and significance of religious beliefs and institutions in various aspects of society, such as politics, education, and culture. It involves the gradual shift away from a society where religious values and institutions play a central role in shaping public life to one where secular or non-religious principles increasingly guide social norms and institutions. This process is often characterized by the declining importance of religious authority, rituals, and practices in the face of the rise of secular ideologies and institutions.
  • 717
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Social Information Seeking
Social information seeking (SIS) is a field of research that involves studying situations, motivations, and methods for people seeking and sharing information in participatory online social sites, such as Yahoo! Answers, Answerbag, WikiAnswers and Twitter as well as building systems for supporting such activities. Highly related topics involve traditional and virtual reference services, information retrieval, information extraction, and knowledge representation.
  • 712
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Portugal Gender Equality and Modernity
The transformations related to the modernisation of Portuguese society triggered by the implementation of democracy did not fully accommodate gender equality. In particular, when we consider the areas where the most progress has been made in keeping with a broadly shared urge for modernisation, education and science; whereas women have contributed to boosting the Portuguese population’s level of education, thus inverting the worst legacy of the dictatorship and developing scientific research, gender inequalities are still visible in highly qualified professions. 
  • 711
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Youth Entrepreneurship Platform Returning to Hometown in China
The construction of business incubator platforms to assist young people who return to their hometowns to launch their own enterprises is urgently needed because youth entrepreneurship is seen as a crucial component of rural revitalization. Based on this, the authors of this study distributed surveys to 468 returning youths in rural startup spaces to gather data, built a structural model, and conducted interviews with 13 entrepreneurial youths to examine the relationship between government policies, services, and the design of rural startup spaces, as well as the self-efficacy of returning entrepreneurial youths and the innovation performance of businesses. The results demonstrate how important government policies are in encouraging youth entrepreneurship in their local communities. It has the potential to enhance both the development of rural crowdsourcing spaces and the self-efficacy of young entrepreneurs, thereby enhancing the innovative capabilities of local entrepreneurial businesses. Therefore, in order to encourage economic development in rural areas, the government should improve pertinent support measures, enhance the development of business incubation platforms, and encourage young people moving back to their hometowns to start their own businesses.
  • 705
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Adam4Adam
Adam4Adam is an online dating website designed for men to meet other men "for friendship, romance, or a hot hookup".
  • 701
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Dignity Taking
Dignity taking is the destruction or confiscation of property rights from owners or occupiers, where the intentional or unintentional outcome is dehumanization or infantilization. There are two requirements: (1) involuntary property destruction or confiscation and (2) dehumanization or infantilization. Dehumanization is “the failure to recognize an individual or group’s humanity” and infantilization is “the restriction of an individual or group’s autonomy based on the failure to recognize and respect their full capacity to reason.” Evidence of a dignity taking can be established empirically through either a top-down approach, examining the motive and intent behind those who initiated the taking, or a bottom-up approach, examining the viewpoints of dispossessed people. When this larger harm called a dignity taking occurs, mere reparations (or compensation for physical things taken) are not enough. Dignity restoration is required. Dignity restoration is a remedy that seeks to provide dispossessed individuals and communities with material compensation through processes that affirm their humanity and reinforce their agency. In practical terms, the remedial process places dispossessed individuals or communities in the driver’s seat and gives them a significant degree of autonomy in deciding how they are made whole. The dignity takings/dignity restoration framework was first created by Professor Bernadette Atuahene following her empirical exploration of land dispossession and restitution in South Africa in her book, We Want What’s Ours: Learning from South Africa’s Restitution Program (Oxford University Press 2014). Since then, many scholars across disciplines have applied these socio-legal concepts to an array of case studies in various time periods and geographic locations, providing a transnational, historicized approach to understanding involuntary property loss and its material and non-material consequences. The dignity takings/dignity restoration framework provides a lexicon to describe and analyze property takings from poor and vulnerable populations across the globe in different historical periods; focuses on redress by linking events of property dispossession to highlight opportunities for learning, resistance, and solidarity; allows people who are not property scholars to participate in the conversation about involuntary property loss and adequate remedies; captures the both the material and immaterial consequences of property confiscation; and inserts dignity into the scholarly discourse about property, countering the singular focus on efficiency, which has dominated legal analysis since the ascendancy of law and economics.
  • 699
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Boreout
Boredom boreout syndrome is a psychological disorder that causes physical illness, mainly caused by mental underload at the workplace due to lack of either adequate quantitative or qualitative workload. One reason for boreout could be that the initial job description does not match the actual work. This theory was first expounded in 2007 in Diagnose Boreout, a book by Peter Werder and Philippe Rothlin, two Switzerland business consultants.
  • 687
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Art Galleries in the 8th Arrondissement of Paris
Today in Paris, it is the Marais neighborhood—a sector that started developing in the 1970s but even more in the 1980s and 1990s—that epitomizes the place to be for contemporary art galleries. The implantation of contemporary galleries in Paris clearly results from a historical process that led them from the 8th arrondissement to the Marais, stopping briefly at Saint-Germain-des-Prés (or the 6th arrondissement) mostly for small avant-garde structures.
  • 686
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Healthy Soils
Healthy soils are vital for sustainable development, yet consistent soil monitoring is scarce, and soils are poorly represented in United Nations Sustainable Development Goals targets and indicators. There is a clear need for specific ambitions on soil health, accompanying metrics, and cost-effective monitoring methodologies.
  • 683
  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Social Anxiety Disorder
Social anxiety disorder (SAD; previously called social phobia) has been defined as the experience of constant fear, nervousness, and avoidance in the presence of a stranger, or in social situations that involve being observed.
  • 681
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Varnam
Varnam (meaning ‘colours’) is a social enterprise that has been working with artisans in Channapatna, Karnataka in India , for over 4 years. It has produced a series of designs interpreting this 200-year-old toy-making craft in the home and lifestyle, women's accessories space, giving tradition a contemporary twist. Using traditional lac-turnery methods popularised by the traditional Channapatna toys range, the label produces home and lifestyle products, toys and jewelry.
  • 681
  • 07 Nov 2022
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