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Topic Review
Devastated Bladder Outlet in Pelvic Cancer Survivors
Devastated bladder outlet (including bladder neck and posterior urethra) is defined as an entity associated with refractory, recalcitrant stenosis, significant necrosis, and/or end-stage urinary incontinence, that is deemed unfeasible for reconstruction. It can originate from neurogenic dysfunction, external trauma, or more often from complications of pelvic cancer treatments, predominantly prostate cancer.
  • 700
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pathogenic Mechanisms underlying Endothelial Dysfunction in Urolithiasis
An epidemiological relationship between urolithiasis and cardiovascular diseases has extensively been reported. Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathogenic event in cardiovascular diseases and has been associated with oxidative stress and low chronic inflammation in hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke or the vascular complications of diabetes and obesity.
  • 695
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Prostate Cancer
Imaging plays a crucial role in the accurate staging of prostate cancer. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells, and targeting the PSMA protein for diagnostic purposes has become of great clinical value. Another valuable feature of PSMA is its opportunity to serve as a target for delivering radionuclide therapy to cancer cells. PSMA-ligands can be labeled with various radionuclides, such as alpha and beta-emitters.
  • 695
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Urinary Microbiome
The recent discovery of the urinary microbiome bolstered the notion that microbes might play a role in bladder cancer. Although microbial involvement in bladder neoplastic transformation and metastatic progression, except schistosomiasis, has not been established, accumulating research suggests that dysbiosis of the urinary microbiome can produce a chronically inflammatory urothelial microenvironment and lead to bladder cancer.
  • 691
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare malignancy, occurring in 5–10% of patients diagnosed with UC, and involves the renal pelvis, calyces, or ureters. UTUC can be sporadic or hereditary as a clinical manifestation of Lynch syndrome. Therapeutic management of these patients is challenging. Following risk stratification of localized disease, patients with low-grade UTUC may undergo kidney-sparing surgery or radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and/or chemoablation with mitomycin-c instillation to reduce recurrence.
  • 686
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Drug-Induced Podocytopathies
Kidney injury due to medications is a well-known clinical entity. Although drug-induced tubulointerstitial disease is commonly encountered, there are few reports in the literature associated with glomerular injury due to medications. The recognition of this type of kidney injury is crucial, as rapid discontinuation of the offending agent is critical to maximizing the likelihood of quick and effective renal function recovery.
  • 685
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Role of the Complement System in HUS
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an acute disease and the most common cause of childhood acute renal failure. HUS is characterized by a triad of symptoms: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. In most of the cases, HUS occurs as a result of infection caused by Shiga toxin-producing microbes: hemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1. They account for up to 90% of all cases of HUS. The remaining 10% of cases grouped under the general term atypical HUS represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with similar clinical signs. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to E. coli and S. dysenteriae type 1, a variety of bacterial and viral infections can cause the development of HUS. In particular, infectious diseases act as the main cause of aHUS recurrence. The pathogenesis of most cases of atypical HUS is based on congenital or acquired defects of complement system. 
  • 685
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
ADPKD, Oxidative Stress and Tolvaptan Treatment
Tolvaptan-treated ADPKD patients have reduced OxSt levels compared to untreated patients. This effect may contribute to the slowing of renal function loss observed with tolvaptan treatment. 
  • 677
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Kidney Disease
Sodium imbalance is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Excess tissue sodium in CKD is associated with hypertension, inflammation, and cardiorenal disease. Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na MRI) has been increasingly utilized in CKD clinical trials.
  • 677
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ultrasound Assessment of Calcified Arteries for Arteriovenous Fistula
Arterial calcifications are present in about 20% of patients with end-stage kidney disease and they reduce the possibility of arterio-venous fistula (AVF) formation and maturation and increase the likelihood of distal ischemia. Arterial assessment is of utmost importance if researchers are to create distal radiocephalic AVFs in the elderly patients whenever possible without burdening them with futile surgical attempts. A grading system is proposed for quantifying the severity of calcifications in the arteries of the arm with ultrasound exam.
  • 676
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Renal Morphology in Coronavirus Disease
Renal biopsy is useful to better understand the histological pattern of a lesion (glomerular, tubulointerstitial, and vascular) and the pathogenesis that leads to kidney failure. The potential impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the kidneys is still undetermined, and a variety of lesions are seen in the kidney tissue of coronavirus disease patients. 
  • 674
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
PI3K/AKT/mTOR in Renal Cancer
Renal cancer is a group of several tumors that develop in the kidney, each with a unique histology and clinical evolution, each responding differently to treatment, and each determined by a different gene mutation. A wide range of cellular processes, including survival, proliferation, growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, and metastasis, are regulated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which is overactivated in different cancer types by molecular abnormalities.
  • 672
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
DNA Repair in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common neoplasm among men. According to Cancer Research United Kingdom (UK) (, accessed on 26 May 2021) it is the second leading cause of cancer- related death in the UK. Locally advanced disease is curable, although metastatic disease has limited therapeutic options.
  • 671
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Diabetic Kidney Disease
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Along with the increasing prevalence of diabetes, DKD is expected to affect a higher number of patients. Despite the major progress in the therapy of DKD and diabetes mellitus (DM), the classic clinical diagnostic tools in DKD remain insufficient, delaying proper diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. 
  • 669
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Grading of Varicocelectomy
Varicocele is a frequently encountered urological disorder, which has a prevalence rate of 8 to 15% among healthy men. However, the incidence is higher in male patients with primary or secondary infertility, with up to 35 to 80% of varicocele cases occurring in this population. The clinical manifestations of varicocele typically include the presence of an asymptomatic mass that feels like a “bag of worms”, chronic scrotal pain, and infertility.
  • 669
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Asymmetric Dimethylarginines
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is the most potent endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), with higher levels in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ADMA has shown to be a significant predictor of cardiovascular outcome and mortality among dialysis patients. 
  • 668
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in Urinary Bladder Cancer
Detection of lymph node status in bladder cancer significantly impacts clinical decisions regarding its management. There is a wide range of detection modalities for this task, including lymphoscintigraphy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and fluoroscopy.
  • 665
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Endothelial Glucocorticoid Receptor in Kidney Diseases
Glucocorticoids, as multifunctional hormones, are widely used in the treatment of various diseases including nephrological disorders. They are known to affect immunological cells, effectively treating many autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the potent role of glucocorticoids in non-immune cells such as podocytes. Moreover, novel data show additional pathways and processes affected by glucocorticoids, such as the Wnt pathway or autophagy. The endothelium is currently considered as a key organ in the regulation of numerous kidney functions such as glomerular filtration, vascular tone and the regulation of inflammation and coagulation.
  • 664
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Applications for Lower Genitourinary Injuries
Injury to lower genitourinary (GU) tissues, which may result in either infertility and/or organ dysfunctions, threatens the overall health of humans. Bioactive agent-based regenerative therapy is a promising therapeutic method.
  • 663
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase and Urological Cancers
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the N-methylation reaction of nicotinamide, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. Enzyme overexpression has been described in many non-neoplastic diseases, as well as in a wide range of solid malignancies. This entry aims to report and discuss evidence available in scientific literature, dealing with NNMT expression and the potential involvement in main urologic neoplasms, namely, renal, bladder and prostate cancers.
  • 662
  • 29 Mar 2022
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