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Topic Review
Dietary Care for ADPKD Patients
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic nephropathy, and tolvaptan is the only therapy available. Recent studies have identified a chronic shift in energy production from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) as a contributor to cyst growth, rendering cyst cells exquisitely sensitive to glucose availability. Therefore, low calorie or ketogenic diets have delayed preclinical ADPKD progression.
  • 677
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Urinary Microbiome
The recent discovery of the urinary microbiome bolstered the notion that microbes might play a role in bladder cancer. Although microbial involvement in bladder neoplastic transformation and metastatic progression, except schistosomiasis, has not been established, accumulating research suggests that dysbiosis of the urinary microbiome can produce a chronically inflammatory urothelial microenvironment and lead to bladder cancer.
  • 677
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Therapies for Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer
In the absence of early detection and initial treatment, prostate cancer often progresses to an advanced stage, frequently spreading to the bones and significantly impacting patients’ well-being and healthcare resources. Therefore, managing patients with prostate cancer that has spread to the bones often involves using bone-targeted medications like bisphosphonates and denosumab to enhance bone structure and minimize skeletal complications. Additionally, researchers are studying the tumor microenvironment and biomarkers to understand the mechanisms and potential treatment targets for bone metastases in prostate cancer. 
  • 676
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
ADPKD, Oxidative Stress and Tolvaptan Treatment
Tolvaptan-treated ADPKD patients have reduced OxSt levels compared to untreated patients. This effect may contribute to the slowing of renal function loss observed with tolvaptan treatment. 
  • 669
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Renal Morphology in Coronavirus Disease
Renal biopsy is useful to better understand the histological pattern of a lesion (glomerular, tubulointerstitial, and vascular) and the pathogenesis that leads to kidney failure. The potential impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the kidneys is still undetermined, and a variety of lesions are seen in the kidney tissue of coronavirus disease patients. 
  • 667
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare malignancy, occurring in 5–10% of patients diagnosed with UC, and involves the renal pelvis, calyces, or ureters. UTUC can be sporadic or hereditary as a clinical manifestation of Lynch syndrome. Therapeutic management of these patients is challenging. Following risk stratification of localized disease, patients with low-grade UTUC may undergo kidney-sparing surgery or radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and/or chemoablation with mitomycin-c instillation to reduce recurrence.
  • 664
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Drug-Induced Podocytopathies
Kidney injury due to medications is a well-known clinical entity. Although drug-induced tubulointerstitial disease is commonly encountered, there are few reports in the literature associated with glomerular injury due to medications. The recognition of this type of kidney injury is crucial, as rapid discontinuation of the offending agent is critical to maximizing the likelihood of quick and effective renal function recovery.
  • 663
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
DNA Repair in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common neoplasm among men. According to Cancer Research United Kingdom (UK) (, accessed on 26 May 2021) it is the second leading cause of cancer- related death in the UK. Locally advanced disease is curable, although metastatic disease has limited therapeutic options.
  • 659
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Glucocorticoid Receptor in Kidney Diseases
Glucocorticoids, as multifunctional hormones, are widely used in the treatment of various diseases including nephrological disorders. They are known to affect immunological cells, effectively treating many autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the potent role of glucocorticoids in non-immune cells such as podocytes. Moreover, novel data show additional pathways and processes affected by glucocorticoids, such as the Wnt pathway or autophagy. The endothelium is currently considered as a key organ in the regulation of numerous kidney functions such as glomerular filtration, vascular tone and the regulation of inflammation and coagulation.
  • 656
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Asymmetric Dimethylarginines
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is the most potent endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), with higher levels in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ADMA has shown to be a significant predictor of cardiovascular outcome and mortality among dialysis patients. 
  • 656
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Role of Leptin in Chronic Kidney Disease
Leptin is a 16 kDa globular protein that comprises 167 amino acids and presents a tertiary structure. It is mainly produced by adipocytes, and its levels are proportional to fat mass. In blood, leptin circulates in free and protein-bound forms; biologically active leptin exists in the free form. Leptin is cleared from circulation by the kidneys through glomerular filtration and metabolic degradation in renal tubules. Hyperleptinemia has direct and indirect negative effects on renal function. Development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), thickening of the basement membrane of the proximal tubular cells (which increase protein leakage into filtrate) and the activation of protein synthesis (which favors fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis), of NADPH oxidase (which increases reactive oxygen species production and, consequently, inflammation), of the sympathetic nervous system in the kidneys and of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (associated with sodium retention, predisposing it to high blood pressure) are some potential mechanisms proposed to explain the damaging effect of hyperleptinemia on renal function.
  • 655
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound Assessment of Calcified Arteries for Arteriovenous Fistula
Arterial calcifications are present in about 20% of patients with end-stage kidney disease and they reduce the possibility of arterio-venous fistula (AVF) formation and maturation and increase the likelihood of distal ischemia. Arterial assessment is of utmost importance if researchers are to create distal radiocephalic AVFs in the elderly patients whenever possible without burdening them with futile surgical attempts. A grading system is proposed for quantifying the severity of calcifications in the arteries of the arm with ultrasound exam.
  • 655
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Applications for Lower Genitourinary Injuries
Injury to lower genitourinary (GU) tissues, which may result in either infertility and/or organ dysfunctions, threatens the overall health of humans. Bioactive agent-based regenerative therapy is a promising therapeutic method.
  • 654
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Diabetic Kidney Disease
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Along with the increasing prevalence of diabetes, DKD is expected to affect a higher number of patients. Despite the major progress in the therapy of DKD and diabetes mellitus (DM), the classic clinical diagnostic tools in DKD remain insufficient, delaying proper diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. 
  • 650
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
SC and TE Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction
Tissue engineering (TE) is a rapidly evolving biomedical discipline that can play an important role in treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction and compensating for conventional options’ shortcomings. 
  • 644
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase and Urological Cancers
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the N-methylation reaction of nicotinamide, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. Enzyme overexpression has been described in many non-neoplastic diseases, as well as in a wide range of solid malignancies. This entry aims to report and discuss evidence available in scientific literature, dealing with NNMT expression and the potential involvement in main urologic neoplasms, namely, renal, bladder and prostate cancers.
  • 643
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fructan's Effect on Cryopreserved Rat-Islets
Cryopreservation of pancreatic islets enables their long-term storage and subsequent transplantation; however, post-cryopreservation, islets viability, and functions are reduced to a significant extent. Islet is composed of five cells (α cell, β cell, δ cell, ε cell, and PP cell), and blood vessels that carry the nutrition. Freezing technology of the organization has not developed a good method. This paper is studied using a fructan which has been found to effectively freeze protect a material of the cell. Islet transplantation has been established as an effective means of treating patients with type 1 diabetes. In this study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of using a fructan on the cryopreserved islets by showing valid results for diabetes. Isolated rat islets were cryopreserved using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) supplemented with different concentrations of fructan and/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in FBS. The survival rates of the islets were estimated at different time intervals, and insulin secretion function was tested in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo function was tested by syngeneic transplantation into streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and the grafts were analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically. Fructan significantly increased islet survival; 30% fructan led to survival rates of more than 90% on day 3, which was significantly higher than those of the DMSO groups (p < 0.05). For both fructan and DMSO, the survival showed dose dependence, with the highest rates observed for 30% fructan and 10% DMSO, respectively (p < 0.05). The fructan groups showed a significantly increased insulin secretion volume in comparison to the DMSO groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, cell clusters of pancreatic islets were well maintained in the fructan group, whereas margin collapse and vacuolation were observed in the DMSO group. Three days after transplantation of pancreatic islets preserved with 30% fructan, the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats were restored to the normal range, and removal of transplanted pancreatic islets from the kidney led to a profound increase in blood glucose levels. Together, these results show that a fructan is effective at cryopreserving rat pancreatic islets for subsequent transplantation. 
  • 641
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in Urinary Bladder Cancer
Detection of lymph node status in bladder cancer significantly impacts clinical decisions regarding its management. There is a wide range of detection modalities for this task, including lymphoscintigraphy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and fluoroscopy.
  • 641
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dysfunctional Lipid Metabolism in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer in men, with increasing prevalence due to an ageing population. Advanced prostate cancer is diagnosed in up to 20% of patients, and, therefore, it is important to understand evolving mechanisms of progression. Significant morbidity and mortality can occur in advanced prostate cancer where treatment options are intrinsically related to lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional lipid metabolism has long been known to have a relationship to prostate cancer development. Research has established the pathways leading to prostate cancer development, including dysregulated lipid metabolism-associated de novo lipogenesis through steroid hormone biogenesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids. These pathways, in relation to treatment, have formed potential novel targets for management of advanced prostate cancer via androgen deprivation. 
  • 640
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Meat Intake on Bladder Cancer Incidence
Bladder cancer (BC) represents the second most common genitourinary malignancy. The major risk factors for BC include age, gender, smoking, occupational exposure, and infections. The BC etiology and pathogenesis have not been fully defined yet. Since catabolites are excreted through the urinary tract, the diet may play a pivotal role in bladder carcinogenesis. Meat, conventionally classified as “red”, “white” or “processed”, represents a significant risk factor for chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. In particular, red and processed meat consumption seems to increase the risk of BC onset. The most accepted mechanism proposed for explaining the correlation between meat intake and BC involves the generation of carcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by high-temperature cooking.
  • 637
  • 25 Oct 2022
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