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Topic Review
Virtual Water Trade
As a semi-arid/arid country located in the northwest of Africa, Morocco is facing serious water scarcity driven by the dual stresses of decreasing availability of water resources and increasing water demands. Virtual water trade could be an effective tool to alleviate water scarcity.
  • 428
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
NOM and Its Role in Water Treatment
Considerable changes have been observed in surface waters’ quality. They include an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, as well as a shift of natural organic matter (NOM) composition in favor of low molecular weight (LMW), and they are expected to occur on a wider scale in the future. 
  • 426
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Textile Industry
The textile industry is one of the world’s most influential and rapidly developing sectors. These textile industries have a global market share of around $2000 and offer employment to ~120 million people across the globe. 
  • 424
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ecosystem Health and Wetland Landscape Ecological Health
Wetlands, along with forests and oceans, are considered one of the world’s three major ecosystems, serving vital roles in providing material production, regulating climate and hydrology, maintaining the global ecological balance, and protecting species genetics and the Earth’s ecological environment.
  • 424
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Application of Machine Learning for Runoff Prediction
Water resource modeling is an important means of studying the distribution, change, utilization, and management of water resources. By establishing various models, water resources can be quantitatively described and predicted, providing a scientific basis for water resource management, protection, and planning. Traditional hydrological observation methods, often reliant on experience and statistical methods, are time-consuming and labor-intensive, frequently resulting in predictions of limited accuracy. However, machine learning technologies enhance the efficiency and sustainability of water resource modeling by analyzing extensive hydrogeological data, thereby improving predictions and optimizing water resource utilization and allocation.
  • 419
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review Video
Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater
At a great many locations worldwide, the safety of drinking water is endangered by pollution with arsenic. Arsenic toxicity is a matter of both systems chemistry and systems biology: it is determined by complex and intertwined networks of chemical reactions in the inanimate environment, in microbes in that environment, and in the human body.
  • 417
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cationic Polystyrene-Based Hydrogels
Nitrites are metastable anions that are derived from the oxidation of ammonia by agricultural pollution, sewage, decaying protein, and other nitrogen sources. They are a recognized environmental issue due to their role in eutrophication, as well as in surface and groundwater contamination, being toxic to almost all living creatures. Two cationic resins (R1 and R2) forming hydrogels (R1HG and R2HG) by dispersion in water in removing anionic dyes from water by electrostatic binding. 
  • 417
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Constructed Wetlands for the Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater is one of the major sources of pollution in aquatic environments and its treatment is crucial to reduce risk and increase clean water availability. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are one of the most efficient, environmentally friendly, and less costly techniques for this purpose.
  • 407
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Contaminant Removal in Different Constructed Wetland Types
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are artificially engineered treatment systems that utilize natural cycles or processes involving soils, wetland vegetation, and plant and soil-associated microbial assemblages to remediate contaminated water and improve its quality. CW treatment systems are typically categorized as free-water surface(FWSCWs), surface-flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs), subsurface-flow constructed wetlands (SSFCWs), and hybrid constructed wetlands (HCWs). Depending on the flow direction, Subsurface-flow CWs (SSFCWs) can be further classified into horizontal subsurface-flow (HSSF) and vertical subsurface-flow (VSSF) systems.
  • 394
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Rainwater Treatment
Rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice currently used for flood and drought risk mitigation. It is a well-known solution with different levels of advanced technology associated with it. 
  • 387
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Essential Measures to Address the Worldwide Water Shortage
Climate change, global population growth, and rising standards of living have put immense strain on natural resources, resulting in the unsecured availability of water as an existential resource. Access to high-quality drinking water is crucial for daily life, food production, industry, and nature. However, the demand for freshwater resources exceeds the available supply, making it essential to utilize all alternative water resources such as the desalination of brackish water, seawater, and wastewater. 
  • 387
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Object Detection for Small Water Floater
Object detection is one of the most widely used applications in UAV missions. Detection of small objects in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images remains a persistent challenge due to the limited pixel values and interference from background noise.
  • 385
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Taxonomic Diversity of African Cyanobacteria Using Genetic Markers
Advances in molecular biology have facilitated the use of polyphasic approaches involving chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, and genotypic data to characterize cyanobacteria. Genotypic diversity through PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of target sequences, cloning, and DNA sequencing of isolated strains and field samples has been poorly described in Africa. The most commonly used genetic markers in Africa include 16S rRNA, PC-IGS, 16S-23S ITS1-L, 16S-23S ITS1-S, rpoB, rpoC1, and 16S-23S ITS. These molecular markers have been employed to understand the taxonomy and phylogeography of cyanobacteria worldwide.
  • 382
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sample Preparation Methods of PhACs in Waters Matrices
In the environment, pharmaceutical residues are a field of particular interest due to the adverse effects to either human health or aquatic and soil environment. Because of the diversity of these compounds, at least 3000 substances were identified and categorized into 49 different therapeutic classes, and several actions are urgently required at multiple steps, the main ones: (i) occurrence studies of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in the water cycle; (ii) the analysis of the potential impact of their introduction into the aquatic environment; (iii) the removal/degradation of the pharmaceutical compounds; and, (iv) the development of more sensible and selective analytical methods to their monitorization.
  • 380
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Degradation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are an emerging group of persistent organic pollutants in aquatic environments with high levels of toxicity and bioaccumulation. The risks posed by PFASs to the environment and health have attracted increasing attention. To remove them from water, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), with the merits of high efficiency and low cost, are mainly used. Photo/electrocatalytic heterogeneous AOPs, with the assistance of nanostructured catalysts and external energy in the form of light/electricity, have emerged as one of the most powerful techniques, overcoming the difficulty associated with defluorination and achieving the effective and complete degradation of PFASs in water. The structures of photo/electrocatalysts play a critical role in the production of reactive oxygen species, the electron transfer process, and the degradation pathway and its efficiency. 
  • 378
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Elemental Analysis
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has evolved considerably in recent years, particularly the application of portable devices for the elemental analysis of solids in the field. However, aqueous analysis using LIBS instruments, either in the laboratory or in the field, is rather rare, despite extensive research on the topic since 1984. To achieve this, researchers examined the literature published between 1984 and 2023, comparing various settings and parameters in a database. There are four different categories of LIBS instruments: laboratory-based, online, portable, and telescopic. Additionally, there are four main categories of sample preparation techniques: liquid bulk, liquid-to-solid conversion, liquid-to-aerosol conversion, and hydride generation. Various experimental setups are also in use, such as double-pulse. Moreover, different acquisition settings significantly influence the sensitivity and therefore the detection limits. Documentation of the different methods of sample preparation and experimental settings, along with their main advantages and disadvantages, can help new users make an informed choice for a particular desired application. In addition, the presentation of median detection limits per element in a periodic table of elements highlights possible research gaps and future research opportunities by showing which elements are rarely or not analysed and for which new approaches in sample preparation are required to lower the detection limits.
  • 378
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Global Distribution of Geogenic High-Arsenic Groundwater
Groundwater constitutes a vital source of freshwater, accounting for roughly 95% of the total available freshwater resources on Earth. It is utilized not only for daily water needs but also for agricultural irrigation, industrial purposes, ecological recharge, and power generation. 
  • 372
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Chemical Coagulation–Flocculation Technologies and Their Performance
The permanent demand of modern society for water consumption across different industrial and domestic activities involves an increasing requirement for effective facilities that can ensure the treatment of the produced WW (Wastewater) for onsite reuse, recycling, and safe/non-polluting discharge of the final effluents to natural aquatic environments. A few fundamental aspects of WW treatment using different physical, chemical, and biological processes were discussed, with the central goal being focused on the coagulation–flocculation step. Therefore, the role of the coagulation–flocculation step when applied to the treatment of colored textile WW and the advantages and disadvantages of using different chemicals as coagulation–flocculation agents in some industrial WW treatment systems as well as hybrid materials were presented in association with their increased efficiency in comparison to conventional ones.
  • 340
  • 15 Apr 2024
Topic Review
NOAAS Okeanos Explorer
NOAAS Okeanos Explorer (R 337) is a converted United States Navy ship (formerly USNS Capable (T-AGOS-16)), now an exploratory vessel for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), officially launched in 2010. Starting in 2010, NOAA entered into a five-year partnership with the San Francisco Exploratorium. The focus is on gathering scientific information about oceans for the public as well as for scientific uses. As much as 95% of the ocean remains unexplored, NOAA officials said. The ship is equipped with cameras and will provide real-time viewing of the ocean floor for scientists and for the public. This is a pioneering use of what NOAA calls "telepresence technology". The Okeanos Explorer is the only vessel owned by the U.S. government that is dedicated to exploring the seabed and ocean crust. The ship is named after Okeanos, the Ancient Greek god of the sea, from which also comes the word "ocean".
  • 339
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Membranes
The integration of nanofillers gives appropriate characteristics to the membrane distillation (MD) membranes by changing their chemical and physical properties, which significantly enhances energy efficiency without impacting the economic costs. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art status, the opportunities, open challenges, and pitfalls of the emerging field of modified ENMs using different nanomaterials for desalination applications.
  • 319
  • 06 Apr 2023
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