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Saeed, R.; Sayed Ali, E. LPWAN. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6406 (accessed on 17 November 2024).
Saeed R, Sayed Ali E. LPWAN. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6406. Accessed November 17, 2024.
Saeed, Rashid, Elmustafa Sayed Ali. "LPWAN" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6406 (accessed November 17, 2024).
Saeed, R., & Sayed Ali, E. (2021, January 14). LPWAN. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6406
Saeed, Rashid and Elmustafa Sayed Ali. "LPWAN." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 January, 2021.
LPWAN
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su13010338

LPWAN stands for Low Power Wide Area Network;  LPWAN provides long-distance communication for rural and urban areas to support IIoT devices considered by a ten-year provision time to acclimate IIoT applications with higher extensibility, availability of intelligent monitoring infrastructure for a small portion of data exchanges. LoRa is favorable to use with smart sensing applications working IIoT non-authored spectrum. NBIoT is suitable for supporting agriculture and environmental data collection and observations, industrial data tracking and monitoring, inventory tracking, smart billing, and smart buildings, smart metering, and smart cities. Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication uses the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technique for the data communication, the other IIoT applications used in healthcare, smart agriculture, intelligent home, smart vehicles, smart city, smart gadgets, and industries use the cognitive LPWAN, LoRA, Sigfox.  There is a need to mix most LPWAN technologies in heterogeneous IIoT applications to provide more efficient and convenient intelligent services. In heterogeneous IIoT applications, there a need to mix most LPWAN technologies to provide more efficient and convenient intelligent services. This will be deployed by cognitive LPWAN 

LPWAN Low Power Wide Area Network

1. Introduction

LPWAN provides long-distance communication for rural and urban areas to support IIoT devices considered by a 10-year provision time to acclimate IIoT applications with higher extensibility and availability of intelligent monitoring infrastructure for a small portion of data exchanges. LoRa is favorable to use with smart sensing applications working on the IIoT non-authored spectrum [1]. NBIoT is suitable for supporting agriculture and environmental data collection and observations; industrial data tracking and monitoring; inventory tracking; smart billing; and smart buildings, smart metering, and smart cities. Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication uses the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technique for data communication; the other IIoT applications used in healthcare, smart agriculture, intelligent home, smart vehicles, smart city, smart gadgets, and industries use the cognitive LPWAN, LoRA, Sigfox[2][3][4][5][6][7]. Figure 1 shows the various sectors of IIoT applications. There is a need to mix most LPWAN technologies in heterogeneous IIoT applications to provide more efficient and convenient intelligent services. In heterogeneous IIoT applications, there is a need to mix most LPWAN technologies to provide more efficient and convenient intelligent services. This will be deployed by cognitive LPWAN[8].

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Figure 1. Various sectors of IIoT applications.

Cognitive LPWAN will provide promising IIoT systems strategies and improve spectrum usage to increase network performance. The use of cognitive radio will help overcome the limitations due to several IIoT infrastructure things. Cognitive devices in LPWAN can work collaboratively more than available spectrum allocations. The LPWANs can share channels and events because of the extra traffic packets within the specific event area, thereby striving to block the channel concurrently [9][10][11][9,10,11]. The most sophisticated Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), based on applications for smart cities, industries, metering, and home architectures, are required to transmit data over long distances, consume low energy, and to be cheaper and highly scalable[12][13][14]. However, the design mechanism requires maintaining the existing cellular communication technologies.

Thus, it has been a recent research prospect to meet-up all the above requisites related to IIoT-based applications, and due to the importance of the matter, newer and more suitable communication technologies such as Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) started to appear with no delay. LPWAN is currently being utilized in numerous applications based on Industrial IoT (IIoT) due to their merits of offering low power consumption rates, long transmission range, low cost, simplified network topology, scalable and simple deployment, small data frame sizes[14], and thin infrastructure; even though it has low data rates [15]. According to the estimation provided in[16], 800 million IIoT devices may become connected over LPWAN standards by 2022 due to the good qualities and advantages of LPWAN. However, there is a concern that most LPWAN will typically suffer from spectra congestion due to their major deployment in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band [17]. This demerit may cause increased interference, limited scalability, spectral inefficiency, and reduced transmission range to LPWAN systems [18].

As an aftermath, the necessity to mitigate the above limitations has encouraged the recent paradigm shift to integrate Cognitive Radio (CR) in LPWAN. The maturity of the study of CR has happened recently, intending to improve efficiency and spectral utilization in wireless communication systems; CR can automatically detect available channels in a wireless spectrum and alter its transmission parameters to ensure improved communication and radio operating behavior [19]. CR has gained better consideration under new IEEE standards such as IEEE 802.15.2, IEEE 802.22, and IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee (SCC) due to the capability of CR to solve some problems related to wireless communications, e.g., interference, delayed network deployment, and spectral efficiency[20][21][22][23]. Moreover, CR has been utilized in many IIoT-based applications[24], e.g., improving the Quality of Service (QoS) in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based smart grid applications [25]. Cognitive radio has also made its mark to mitigate interference in industrial WSNs (IWSNs) and fulfills the QoS requirement by improving the latency, transmission, and frame losses challenges[26].

This analysis aims to research the literature on cognitive radio in LPWAN for industrial IoT. We investigate different studies providing different backgrounds for study and their relationships. The following research questions (RQ): RQ1: “How cognitive radio engage with the industrial IoT?”, RQ2: “What are the Proposed architectures that Support Cognitive Radio LPWAN based IIOT?”, and RQ3: What key success factors need to comply for reliable CIIoT support in the industry?”.

2. Materials and Methods

This study considers the systematic review technique a suitable approach to address particular research questions by applying the several phases that can be categorized into three parts—preparation, leading, and reporting the review. Figure 2 presents the overall review methodology for cognitive-enabled IIoT methods for different industrial applications. The data/paper selection methodology for the year and the source is illustrated in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

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Figure 2. Review methodology.

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Figure 3. Selected publication over the years (2007–2020).

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Figure 4. Sources of publication that have been considered for review.

This study’s review methodology focused on the existing approaches, techniques, and design principles of industrial IIoT applications in LPWAN. All the relevant data (journals and conferences within 2007–2020) were collected and arranged during the first phase (preparation phase): the background and formulated research questions RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3.

3. Conclusions and Future Work

The IIoT helps several applications that require power control and low cost to achieve long life. The development of the IIoT communication technologies base on CR has achieved high ability for industrial network stable connectivity. An efficient and appropriate smart service in smart cities, i.e., advanced health care, automatic driving, and users, can currently easily access such IIoT. This paper focuses on smart wireless technologies based on cognitive radio wireless medium with low power wide area LPWAN unlicensed spectrum using LoRa, Sigfox, LTE-M, and NBIoT. Various cognitive IIoT applications have been studied, with their techniques, protocols, and the model success determinant parameters with their significance being identified. Cognitive LPWAN allows smart city services to access other wireless access points and selects appropriate communication technologies to achieve the best user experience. Our future study for the research area is to develop a framework that facilitates less energy, long-run devices, and the highest possible data rate using the cognitive Internet of Things for the industrial solution.

References

  1. Shafiq, M.; Ahmad, M.; Afzal, M.K.; Ali, A.; Irshad, A.; Choi, J.-G. Handshake Sense Multiple Access Control for Cognitive Radio-Based IoT Networks. Sensors 2019, 19, 241, doi:10.3390/s19020241.
  2. Onumanyi, A.J.; Abu-Mahfouz, A.M.; Hancke, G.P. Towards Cognitive Radio in Low Power Wide Area Network for Indus-trial IoT Applications. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Helsinki, Finland, 22–25 July 2019; Volume 1, pp. 947–950.
  3. Hwang, K.; Chen, M. Big Data Analytics for Cloud/IoT and Cognitive Computing; Wiley: London, UK, 2017.
  4. Somov, A.; Dupont, C.; Giaffreda, R. Supporting Smart-City Mobility with Cognitive Internet of Things. In Future Network and Mobile Summit, Lisboa, Portugal, 3–5 July 2013.
  5. Ahmed, Z.E.; Saeed, R.A.; Ghopade, S.N.; Mukherjee, A. Energy Optimization in LPWANs by using Heuristic Techniques. In LPWAN Technologies for IoT and M2M Applications; Chaudhari, B.S., Zennaro, M., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; Chapter 11, ISBN 9780128188804.
  6. Rahman, M.J.A.; Hamzah, M.I.; Yasin, M.H.M.; Tahar, M.M.; Haron, Z.; Ensimau, N.K.E. The UKM Students Perception to-wards Cyber Security. Creative Educ. 2018, 10, 2850–2858, doi:10.4236/ce.2019.1012211.
  7. Onumanyi, A.J.; Abu-Mahfouz, A.M.; Hancke, G.P. Cognitive Radio in Low Power Wide Area Network for IoT Applica-tions: Recent Approaches, Benefits and Challenge. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2019, 16, 7489–7498.
  8. Boulogeorgos, A.A.; Diamantoulakis, P.D.; Karagiannidis, G.K. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications: Research Challenges and Future Trends. arXiv 2016, arXiv:1611.07449.
  9. Augustin, A.; Yi, J.; Clausen, T.; Townsley, W.M. A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things. Sensors 2016, 16, 1466.
  10. Insider, B.I. Ericsson just Took a Significant Step toward Delivering Cellular-Based IoT. Available online: https://www.businessinsider.com/ericsson-just-took-a-significant-step-toward-delivering-cellular-based-iot-2016-11 (ac-cessed on 17 December 2020).
  11. Akpakwu, G.A.; Silva, B.J.; Hancke, G.P.; Abu-Mahfouz, A.M. A Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Commu-nication Technologies and Challenges. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 3619–3647, doi:10.1109/access.2017.2779844.
  12. Vejlgaard, B.; Lauridsen, M.; Nguyen, H.; Kovacs, I.Z.; Mogensen, P.; Sorensen, M. Coverage and Capacity Analysis of Sig-fox, LoRa, GPRS and NBIoT. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Sydney, Australia, 4–7 June 2017.
  13. Mercier, B.; Fodor, V.; Thobaben, R.; Beferull-Lozano, B. Sensor Networks for Cognitive Radio: Theory and System Design. In Proceedings of the ICT Mobile and Wireless Communications, Stockholm, Sweden, 10–12 June 2008.
  14. Moon, B.-K. Dynamic Spectrum Access for Internet of Things Service in Cognitive Radio-Enabled LPWANs. Sensors 2017, 17, 2818, doi:10.3390/s17122818.
  15. Awin, F.; Alginahi, Y.M.; Abdel-Raheem, E.; Tepe, K. Technical Issues on Cognitive Radio-Based Internet of Things Systems: A Survey. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 97887–97908, doi:10.1109/access.2019.2929915.
  16. Chaudhari, B.S.; Zennaro, M.; Borkar, S. LPWAN Technologies: Emerging Application Characteristics, Requirements, and Design Considerations. Futur. Internet 2020, 12, 46, doi:10.3390/fi12030046.
  17. Chaudhari, B.S.; Zennaro, M. (Eds.) LPWAN Technologies for IoT and M2M Applications; Academic Press: Cambridge, MN, USA, 2020.
  18. Ismail, D.; Rahman, M.; Saifullah, A. Low-Power Wide-Area Networks: Opportunities, Challenges, and Directions, In Pro-ceedings of the Workshop Program of the 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking, Va-ranasi, India, 4–7 January 2018.
  19. Kelaidonis, D.; Somov, A.; Foteinos, V.; Poulios, G.; Stavroulaki, V.; Vlacheas, P.; Demestichas, P.; Baranov, A.; Biswas, A.R.; Giaffreda, R. Virtualization and Cognitive Management of Real-World Objects in the Internet of Things. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications, Besancon, France, 20–23 November 2012.
  20. Tragos, E.Z.; Angelakis, V. Cognitive Radio Inspired M2M Communications. 2013 16th International Symposium on Wire-less Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 24–27 June 2013.
  21. Adelantado, F.; Vilajosana, X.; Tuset-Peiro, P.; Martinez, B.; Melia-Segui, J.; Watteyne, T. Understanding the Limits of Lo-RaWAN. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2017, 55, 34–40, doi:10.1109/mcom.2017.1600613.
  22. Fadda, M.; Nitti, M.; Pilloni, V.; Atzori, L.; Giusto, D.; Popescu, V.; Alexandru, M. Distributed Spectrum Sensing for Indoor Broadcasting Services Using an IoT Platform. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multime-dia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), Cagliari, Italy, 7–9 June 2017.
  23. Shah, G.A.; Gungor, V.C.; Akan, O.B. A Cross-Layer QoS-Aware Communication Framework in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks for Smart Grid Applications. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2013, 9, 1477–1485.
  24. Rizzo, G.; Mancuso, V.; Ali, S.; Marsan, M.A. Stop and forward: Opportunistic local information sharing under walking mo-bility. Ad Hoc Netw. 2018, 78, 54–72, doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.05.011.
  25. Hasan, M.K.; Ahmed, M.M.; Hashim, A.H.A.; Razzaque, A.; Islam, S.; Pandey, B. A Novel Artificial Intelligence Based Tim-ing Synchronization Scheme for Smart Grid Applications. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 2020, 114, 1067–1084, doi:10.1007/s11277-020-07408-w.
  26. Ibrahim, M.Z.; Hassan, R. The implementation of internet of things using testbed in the UKMNET environment. Asia Pac. J. Inf. Technol. Multimed. 2019, 8, 1–17.
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Subjects: Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Computer Science, Information Systems
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Rashid Saeed
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Elmustafa Sayed Ali
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Entry Collection: Remote Sensing Data Fusion
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Update Date: 20 Jan 2021
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