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Peng, Y. Amino Acid Biosynthesis. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61417 (accessed on 12 November 2026).
Peng Y. Amino Acid Biosynthesis. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61417. Accessed November 12, 2026.
Peng, Yu. "Amino Acid Biosynthesis" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61417 (accessed November 12, 2026).
Peng, Y. (2026, October 25). Amino Acid Biosynthesis. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61417
Peng, Yu. "Amino Acid Biosynthesis." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 October, 2026.

Amino Acid Biosynthesis

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Amino acid biosynthesis is the enzymatic formation of amino acids from carbon skeletons and assimilated nitrogen. Interconnected pathways use intermediates of central metabolism and distribute amino groups or amide nitrogen among successive reactions [1]. Aromatic amino acid synthesis proceeds through the shikimate pathway to chorismate, which branches toward phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan [2]. Glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase connect nitrogen assimilation to the production of amino acid pools [3]. In plastids, protective enzymes remove reactive intermediates that can otherwise damage enzymes of branched-chain amino acid synthesis. Feedback inhibition and regulation of enzyme expression coordinate amino acid production with cellular consumption. Transport between compartments connects spatially separated reactions, while shared precursors couple the pathways to the broader carbon and nitrogen metabolic network [4][5].

amino acids nitrogen assimilation transamination biosynthetic pathways
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References

  1. Gad Galili; Rachel Amir; Alisdair R. Fernie; The Regulation of Essential Amino Acid Synthesis and Accumulation in Plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2016, 67, 153-178. [CrossRef]
  2. Hiroshi Maeda; Natalia Dudareva; The Shikimate Pathway and Aromatic Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2012, 63, 73-105. [CrossRef]
  3. Umarah Mubeen; Jessica Jüppner; Jessica Alpers; Dirk K. Hincha; Patrick Giavalisco; Target of Rapamycin Inhibition in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Triggers de Novo Amino Acid Synthesis by Enhancing Nitrogen Assimilation. Plant Cell 2018, 30, 2240.1-2254. [CrossRef]
  4. Thomas D. Niehaus; Thuy N.D. Nguyen; Satinder K. Gidda; Mona ElBadawi-Sidhu; Jennifer A. Lambrecht; Donald R. McCarty; Diana M. Downs; Arthur J.L. Cooper; Oliver Fiehn; Robert T. Mullen; Andrew D. Hanson; Arabidopsis and Maize RidA Proteins Preempt Reactive Enamine/Imine Damage to Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Plastids. Plant Cell 2014, 26, 3010-3022. [CrossRef]
  5. Kazuyuki Shimizu; Yu Matsuoka; Feedback Regulation and Coordination of the Main Metabolism for Bacterial Growth and Metabolic Engineering for Amino Acid Fermentation. Biotechnol. Adv. 2022, 55, 107887. [CrossRef]
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Subjects: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Yu Peng
View Times: 12
Entry Collection: Biosynthesis and Synthetic Biology
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 25 Oct 2026
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