Amino acid biosynthesis is the enzymatic formation of amino acids from carbon skeletons and assimilated nitrogen. Interconnected pathways use intermediates of central metabolism and distribute amino groups or amide nitrogen among successive reactions [1]. Aromatic amino acid synthesis proceeds through the shikimate pathway to chorismate, which branches toward phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan [2]. Glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase connect nitrogen assimilation to the production of amino acid pools [3]. In plastids, protective enzymes remove reactive intermediates that can otherwise damage enzymes of branched-chain amino acid synthesis. Feedback inhibition and regulation of enzyme expression coordinate amino acid production with cellular consumption. Transport between compartments connects spatially separated reactions, while shared precursors couple the pathways to the broader carbon and nitrogen metabolic network [4][5].
- amino acids
- nitrogen assimilation
- transamination
- biosynthetic pathways
Amino acid metabolism·Molecular Biology·Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology·Life Sciences
References
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