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Kang, H. Solid State Synthesis. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/60888 (accessed on 22 October 2026).
Kang H. Solid State Synthesis. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/60888. Accessed October 22, 2026.
Kang, Helena. "Solid State Synthesis" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/60888 (accessed October 22, 2026).
Kang, H. (2026, October 12). Solid State Synthesis. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/60888
Kang, Helena. "Solid State Synthesis." Encyclopedia. Web. 12 October, 2026.

Solid State Synthesis

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Solid state synthesis is chemical synthesis in which the principal reactants are solids and bond formation occurs without a bulk liquid reaction phase. In organic chemistry, the reactants may be co-crystallized, ground, milled, compressed, irradiated, or heated so that molecular contact, crystal packing, defects, and diffusion govern reactivity [1]. Mechanochemical variants use impact or shear to create fresh interfaces and activate reactions, while topochemical reactions proceed under geometric constraints imposed by a crystal lattice [2]. A small amount of liquid may be added in liquid-assisted grinding, but the medium remains a solid particulate assembly rather than a homogeneous solution. The concept is distinct from solvothermal synthesis, which relies on a pressurized solvent, and from solid-phase synthesis, in which a substrate is covalently tethered to an insoluble support while reagents react from solution. Its defining features are solid reactants, interfacial or lattice-controlled transport, and reaction progress within the condensed solid state.

solid state synthesis mechanochemistry topochemical reaction ball milling
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References

  1. Stuart L. James; Christopher J. Adams; Carsten Bolm; Dario Braga; Paul Collier; Tomislav Friščić; Fabrizia Grepioni; Kenneth D. M. Harris; Geoff Hyett; William Jones; Anke Krebs; James Mack; Lucia Maini; A. Guy Orpen; Ivan P. Parkin; William C. Shearouse; Jonathan W. Steed; Daniel C. Waddell; Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 41, 413-447. [CrossRef]
  2. Jean-Louis Do; Tomislav Friščić; Mechanochemistry: A Force of Synthesis. ACS Cent. Sci. 2016, 3, 13-19. [CrossRef]
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Subjects: Chemistry, Organic
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Helena Kang
View Times: 3
Entry Collection: Organic Chemistry
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 19 Oct 2026
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