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Solid State Synthesis: History
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Subjects: Chemistry, Organic
Contributor: Helena Kang

Solid state synthesis is chemical synthesis in which the principal reactants are solids and bond formation occurs without a bulk liquid reaction phase. In organic chemistry, the reactants may be co-crystallized, ground, milled, compressed, irradiated, or heated so that molecular contact, crystal packing, defects, and diffusion govern reactivity [1]. Mechanochemical variants use impact or shear to create fresh interfaces and activate reactions, while topochemical reactions proceed under geometric constraints imposed by a crystal lattice [2]. A small amount of liquid may be added in liquid-assisted grinding, but the medium remains a solid particulate assembly rather than a homogeneous solution. The concept is distinct from solvothermal synthesis, which relies on a pressurized solvent, and from solid-phase synthesis, in which a substrate is covalently tethered to an insoluble support while reagents react from solution. Its defining features are solid reactants, interfacial or lattice-controlled transport, and reaction progress within the condensed solid state.

  • solid state synthesis
  • mechanochemistry
  • topochemical reaction
  • ball milling

Chemical Synthesis and Analysis • Molecular Biology • Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology • Life Sciences

References

  1. Stuart L. James; Christopher J. Adams; Carsten Bolm; Dario Braga; Paul Collier; Tomislav Friščić; Fabrizia Grepioni; Kenneth D. M. Harris; Geoff Hyett; William Jones; et al. Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 41, 413-447, 10.1039/c1cs15171a.
  2. Jean-Louis Do; Tomislav Friščić; Mechanochemistry: A Force of Synthesis. ACS Cent. Sci. 2016, 3, 13-19, 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00277.
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