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Automatic welding techniques are joining methods in which the welding operation is performed by mechanized or programmable equipment that moves the heat source and controls the welding parameters without continuous manual intervention during production, as distinct from manual welding in which a welder manipulates the torch ^[1] In these techniques, the welding current, travel speed, wire feed, and torch position are set by a control system and executed by a manipulator, travel carriage, or industrial robot, so that the arc, filler-metal delivery, and joint geometry are maintained according to a predefined program rather than to real-time operator judgment ^[2]. The term covers mechanized and robotic arc welding, automated gas tungsten and gas metal arc processes, and programmed seam tracking, whose common defining feature is the transfer of the decision and execution of the weld motion from a human operator to automated equipment ^[1]. Automatic welding is distinguished from automated manufacturing by its focus on the controlled, repeatable deposition of a fusion joint, and from manual welding by the absence of in-process manual manipulation; the welding engineer establishes the procedure and parameters beforehand while the equipment executes them consistently over a production run ^[2]. These techniques are characterized by parameterized, repeatable execution and by closed-loop control of the weld pool and travel path ^[3].