Summary

Eng (ISSN 2673-4117) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal which publishes original papers, critical reviews, rapid communications, technical notes, and discussions on all areas of engineering. Eng's aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical research relating to engineering science and technology in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the maximum length of the papers. Launched in 2020, Eng was indexed in Scopus in 2023. The journal was subsequently included in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI, Web of Science) in March 2024 and Ei Compendex in April 2025. It holds a 2025 Impact Factor of 3.5 and is ranked JCR Q1 in the “ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY” category. Its 2025 CiteScore is 4.1, and it currently ranks Q2 in Scopus’ “Engineering (miscellaneous)” category.

Expand All
Entries
Subject:
Topic Review
Chalcogenide Glasses
Chalcogenide glasses are a family of non-oxide amorphous solids formed from one or more chalcogen elements—sulfur, selenium, or tellurium—combined with network-forming elements such as germanium, arsenic, silicon, or antimony, and with modifier elements, so that the material lacks long-range crystalline order [1]. Because the constituent atoms are heavier and more polarizable than those of silica, these glasses possess a high refractive index and a broad optical transmission window extending into the mid-infrared, well beyond the transparent range of silicate glasses. Their structure is a covalent, disordered network in which the average coordination number and the connectivity of the chalcogen chains determine glass-forming ability, thermal stability, and properties such as the glass transition temperature. The glasses also exhibit pronounced infrared transparency, high nonlinear optical response, and photosensitivity, in which illumination can induce structural or refractive changes. The material is therefore defined as an amorphous, covalently bonded infrared-transmitting chalcogen network rather than an oxide glass [2]. Their behavior is governed by the chemical bonding and rigidity of the disordered chalcogen network [3].
  • 11
  • 26 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Turfgrass Management
Turfgrass management is the applied horticultural practice of establishing, maintaining, and regulating a dense, uniform, mowed stand of grass species—cool-season or warm-season turfgrasses—on sports fields, golf courses, lawns, and landscapes [1]. The practice integrates the biology of the grass plant with cultural operations: selection of adapted species and cultivars, mowing at a prescribed height of cut, irrigation according to evapotranspiration and soil water status, fertilization matched to nutrient requirements, and pest and weed control. Because the grass shoot system grows from basal meristems located near the soil surface, the height and frequency of mowing determine whether the growing point is removed and therefore whether the stand survives; the management regime therefore acts on the plant's crown, root system, and carbohydrate reserve [2]. Turfgrass management is thus defined as the systematic control of growth, nutrition, water, and pest conditions to maintain a continuous, usable, and aesthetically acceptable grass cover rather than as a single agronomic operation [3].
  • 14
  • 28 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Reduced Graphene Oxide
Reduced graphene oxide is a form of graphene-based material obtained by chemically or thermally reducing graphene oxide, a single-atom-thick sheet of sp2-bonded carbon that is heavily functionalized with oxygen-containing groups—hydroxyl, epoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl—distributed over its basal plane and edges [1]. Whereas graphene oxide is electrically insulating because the oxygen groups disrupt the conjugated carbon network, reduction removes most of these functionalities, partially restoring the sp2 carbon lattice and the electrical conductivity, mechanical stiffness, and impermeability characteristic of graphene. The product is, however, not identical to pristine graphene: residual oxygen defects, structural vacancies, and sheet-to-sheet restacking remain, so that reduced graphene oxide is a defective, partially restored carbon sheet whose properties depend on the extent and route of reduction [2]. It is typically produced by exfoliating graphite oxide into single sheets and then reducing them in suspension or in film form, which yields a conductive yet chemically residual material. The concept is defined as the partially deoxygenated, electrically conductive derivative of graphene oxide rather than a defect-free single graphene layer [3].
  • 15
  • 26 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Resistive Switching
Resistive switching is the reversible, non-volatile change in the electrical resistance of a thin insulating or semiconducting layer—sandwiched between two electrodes—in response to the amplitude, polarity, or duration of an applied voltage or current pulse [1]. In a typical metal–insulator–metal cell, the initially high-resistance state is converted into a low-resistance set state and subsequently restored to the high-resistance reset state, so that the device retains two distinguishable resistance levels without applied power. The underlying mechanism is redox-based: an applied field drives the drift of mobile oxygen vacancies or cations through the oxide, forming or rupturing a nanoscale conducting filament that short-circuits the insulator. The switching is therefore governed by ion migration rather than by the electronic charge storage used in conventional capacitors [2]. Because the resistance state depends on the internal distribution of mobile ionic species, the phenomenon is also described as nanoionic switching and forms the physical basis of memristive behavior, in which the conductance depends on the history of applied charge [3].
  • 8
  • 26 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Microwave Dielectric Characteristics
Microwave dielectric characteristics are the set of frequency-dependent electromagnetic properties that a material exhibits when it interacts with electromagnetic fields in the microwave frequency range, typically from about one to several tens of gigahertz [1]. The three defining quantities are the relative permittivity, which governs the speed and wavelength of the signal within the material and determines device miniaturization; the dielectric loss, expressed through the quality factor Q or the product Q×f, which measures energy dissipated as heat; and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, which describes the thermal stability of the resonant frequency. These characteristics are determined fundamentally by the crystal structure, ionic polarizability, and lattice vibrational modes of the dielectric solid, because at microwave frequencies the polarization response is dominated by ionic displacement rather than by electronic or orientational polarization [2]. A useful material must therefore combine an appropriate permittivity, a low dielectric loss, and a near-zero temperature coefficient. The microwave dielectric characteristics constitute the physical basis for dielectric resonators, filters, and substrates in which the material's polarization and loss behavior control resonant frequency and bandwidth.
  • 9
  • 26 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Magnetic Thin Film
A magnetic thin film is a laterally extended layer of magnetically ordered material whose thickness is sufficiently small for reduced dimensionality, surfaces, interfaces, or geometric confinement to significantly influence its magnetic properties relative to those of the corresponding bulk material. Magnetic thin films can comprise ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, or antiferromagnetic materials and may be formed on non-magnetic or magnetic substrates, buffer layers, or as individual layers within magnetic/non-magnetic multilayers and heterostructures [1][2]. Although magnetic thin films commonly have thicknesses ranging from a few nanometres to several micrometres, there is no universal thickness boundary separating a thin film from a bulk material; the relevant criterion is the extent to which reduced thickness, interfaces, and geometry affect the magnetic state and behavior. The magnetic properties of thin films are determined by the competition among intrinsic exchange interactions, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, shape and magnetostatic anisotropy, surface and interfacial anisotropy, and stress-induced anisotropy [1][2][3]. These contributions influence the orientation and stability of magnetization, magnetic domain structures, magnetization reversal, and magnetic dynamics. Domain configurations, including single-domain, multidomain, and stripe-domain states, depend on the balance among exchange, magnetostatic, domain-wall, and anisotropy energies, as well as on the film thickness and lateral dimensions [2][3]. Interfaces and adjacent layers can further modify magnetic properties through interfacial anisotropy, exchange coupling, and other interface-related effects. Magnetic thin films are therefore important components of magnetic recording, spintronic devices, sensors, and other technologies that require controlled magnetic properties at reduced dimensions.
  • 16
  • 30 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Perovskite Magnetism
Perovskite magnetism is the magnetic behavior exhibited by oxides with the general perovskite structure ABO3, in which transition-metal ions occupying the B-site sublattice—typically manganese, in the form of mixed-valent Mn3+ and Mn4+—couple magnetically through electron-exchange interactions mediated by intervening oxygen ions [1]. In doped perovskite manganites such as La1−xCaxMnO3, the transfer of an eg electron between neighboring manganese sites is favored when their core spins are aligned, a double-exchange mechanism that links ferromagnetic order to metallic conductivity. Because the magnetic state is coupled to the electronic, lattice, and orbital degrees of freedom, these materials undergo coupled paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic and insulator-to-metal transitions near their Curie temperature, and an applied magnetic field can markedly reduce the resistivity—the phenomenon of colossal magnetoresistance [2]. The magnetism is thus not an isolated spin property but emerges from the interplay of mixed valence, orbital occupancy, lattice distortion, and exchange coupling within the ABO3 lattice. The concept is defined as the cooperative magnetic ordering of transition-metal cations in the perovskite crystal structure mediated by oxygen-mediated exchange [3].
  • 6
  • 26 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Gallium Oxide Semiconductor
Gallium oxide semiconductor refers to the crystalline form of gallium oxide (Ga2O3), most commonly the thermodynamically stable monoclinic beta-phase, employed as an electronic semiconductor material distinguished by its exceptionally wide band gap of roughly 4.8–5.0 electronvolts [1]. Because of this large band gap, beta-gallium oxide possesses a high critical electric field and a high Baliga figure of merit relative to conventional silicon and silicon carbide, while the material is grown as large single crystals by melt-growth methods and deposited as thin films by epitaxial techniques. The semiconductor character arises from native defects and intentional dopants that supply free electrons; the monoclinic lattice is anisotropic, so that electrical and optical properties depend on crystallographic orientation. The wide band gap also renders the material transparent in the visible and sensitive in the deep-ultraviolet spectral range [2]. The material is therefore defined structurally as a crystalline wide-band-gap oxide and electronically as a semiconductor whose carrier transport and breakdown behavior are governed by its large band gap, anisotropic crystal structure, and defect chemistry rather than by the narrower gaps of conventional elemental semiconductors [3].
  • 10
  • 26 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Laser-Material Interaction
Laser-material interaction is the physical process by which a focused, coherent, monochromatic light beam exchanges energy with a solid or liquid target through absorption, conversion into heat, and subsequent phase and structural change in the irradiated region [1] The interaction begins when photons are absorbed by the electronic or vibrational states of the material; the absorbed energy is then rapidly converted into lattice heat, producing localized heating whose magnitude depends on the laser wavelength, pulse duration, power density, and optical absorptivity of the material. At low fluences the result is heating and annealing; at intermediate fluences the surface melts and resolidifies; at high fluences the material evaporates, ablates, or forms a plasma above the surface. Because the energy is deposited in a very shallow, sharply localized volume, the process produces steep thermal gradients and rapid cooling that govern melting depth, evaporation rate, resolidification microstructure, and the formation of induced stress or shock waves [2]. The field is therefore defined as the coupling between electromagnetic radiation and matter that drives localized absorption, thermal transport, melting, vaporization, and ablation, forming the physical basis of materials processing by directed laser energy [3].
  • 7
  • 28 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Superhydrophobicity
Superhydrophobicity is a surface wettability state in which a solid surface exhibits an extremely high water contact angle, conventionally above approximately 150 degrees, and very low contact-angle hysteresis, so that water droplets rest on the surface in an almost spherical shape and roll off readily while carrying away adhered particles [1]. The state arises from the combination of a low-surface-energy chemistry and a hierarchical micro- and nanoscale roughness: air is trapped beneath the droplet, so that the liquid contacts only the uppermost asperities rather than the full solid area, a condition described by the Cassie–Baxter wetting regime [2]. Because the roughness amplifies the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the coating material, even a moderately hydrophobic solid can become superhydrophobic when suitably textured, as first demonstrated for the hierarchical wax crystals of biological leaf surfaces [3]. The phenomenon is defined physically as the minimization of solid–liquid contact through combined chemical hydrophobicity and structured roughness, which is distinct from simple chemical water repellency on a smooth surface. The governing quantities are the apparent contact angle, the fraction of projected area actually contacted by the droplet, and the hysteresis between advancing and receding angles [3].
  • 7
  • 28 Sep 2026
  • Page
  • of
  • 13

Other Entry Collections

>>