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Low-dimensional materials are condensed-matter solid materials whose physical size is confined to nanometre scale within at least one spatial direction, generating quantum confinement effects that distinguish their electronic, optical, thermal and mechanical behaviours from bulk three-dimensional solid counterparts ^[1]. According to the number of spatially confined directions, they are classified into zero-dimensional, one-dimensional and two-dimensional subcategories. Zero-dimensional materials include quantum dots and nanoparticles; one-dimensional forms contain nanowires and nanotubes; two-dimensional materials refer to atomically thin layered materials ^[2]. Classification is determined by geometric confinement and resulting quantum-size physical effects rather than fixed chemical composition. Multiple different chemical substances and crystal structures can fall under this material category provided they satisfy nanoscale spatial confinement criteria and exhibit corresponding quantum-modified physical properties ^[3].