Video Upload Options

Autonomous systems are technical systems equipped with integrated sensing, state estimation, reasoning, decision-making and actuation subsystems that can perceive external environmental states, generate context-appropriate goal-oriented decisions and execute corresponding physical actions without continuous real-time human operator command intervention ^[1]. Autonomy operates within predefined functional and environmental boundaries set by high-level human mission objectives; it does not imply full independence from human-set top-level goals, nor self-generated mission purposes outside originally defined operational constraints ^[2]. Different real-world implementations exhibit varying degrees of autonomy, ranging from conditional partial autonomy under human supervision to high-level full autonomy in structured environments. The core conceptual characteristic lies in the closed-loop perception-decision-action mechanism, distinguishing it from open-loop purely automated equipment that executes fixed pre-programmed sequences without environmental perception and adaptive feedback ^[3].