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Global carbon emissions denote the annual or cumulative mass of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere by human activities, reported globally and usually expressed in gigatonnes of CO₂ (GtCO₂) or of carbon (GtC) ^[1]. In the standard IPCC and Global Carbon Project accounting, the term comprises CO₂ from fossil-fuel combustion and industrial processes, notably cement production (CO₂-FFI), together with net CO₂ emissions from land-use, land-use change, and forestry (CO₂-LULUCF) ^[2]. Fossil emissions are estimated primarily from national fuel-use statistics and emission factors, whereas land-use emissions are derived from satellite-based land-cover change ^[3]. Emissions are further reported by sector—energy supply, transport, industry, buildings, and agriculture—and decomposed by fuel type (coal, oil, gas) and by country or region, with net flows balanced against ocean and land sinks in the global carbon budget. Global carbon emissions are distinguished from total greenhouse-gas emissions, which also include methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases; CO₂ is the principal anthropogenic long-lived greenhouse gas and the reference gas against which global-warming potentials are defined ^[4].