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Office, E.E. Clostridium botulinum. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59049 (accessed on 09 November 2026).
Office EE. Clostridium botulinum. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59049. Accessed November 09, 2026.
Office, Encyclopedia Editorial. "Clostridium botulinum" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59049 (accessed November 09, 2026).
Office, E.E. (2025, September 23). Clostridium botulinum. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59049
Office, Encyclopedia Editorial. "Clostridium botulinum." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 September, 2025.

Clostridium botulinum

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Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacterium widely distributed in soils, sediments, and aquatic environments. It is best known as the causative agent of botulism, a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by the production of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), among the most potent biological toxins known.

Clostridium botulinum botulism BoNTs

References

  1. Peck, M. W. Biology and genomic analysis of Clostridium botulinum. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 2017, 71, 1–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.03.001.
  2. Smith, T. J.; Hill, K. K.; Raphael, B. H. Historical and current perspectives on Clostridium botulinum diversity. Res. Microbiol. 2015, 166(4), 290–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2014.09.007.
  3. Zhang, Z.; Hintsa, H.; et al. Whole-genome phylogeny of Clostridium botulinum groups I–IV reveals species-level divergence. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 580. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00580.
  4. Carter, A. T.; Peck, M. W. Genomes, neurotoxins and biology of Clostridium botulinum group I and group II. Res. Microbiol. 2015, 166(4), 303–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2014.12.007.
  5. Maslanka, S. E.; et al. A novel botulinum neurotoxin, previously reported as serotype H, has a hybrid F/A sequence. J. Infect. Dis. 2016, 213(3), 379–385. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv327.
  6. Gill, D. M. Bacterial toxins: a table of lethal amounts. Microbiol. Rev. 1982, 46(1), 86–94. PMID: 6806598.
  7. Arnon, S. S.; et al. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001, 285(8), 1059–1070. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.8.1059.
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