The Croton genus, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, encompasses a diverse range of plant species known for their ethnopharmacological relevance in traditional medicine across various cultures. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the antidiabetic potential of Croton species, with a particular focus on their mechanisms of action. Through an extensive literature analysis, 17 distinct species were identified that exhibit pharmacological activities associated with diabetes management, including hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory effects. These therapeutic effects are attributed to a range of biological mechanisms such as the inhibition of α-glucosidase enzymes, enhancement of peripheral glucose uptake, and stimulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells.

Despite promising preliminary findings, many of these species lack comprehensive mechanistic studies, and for several, ethnopharmacological documentation remains limited or anecdotal. This gap underscores the necessity for further in vitro and in vivo investigations to validate and deepen our understanding of their bioactive compounds and their molecular targets. Exploring these mechanisms not only provides insight into the therapeutic value of Croton species but also supports the broader endeavor of integrating plant-based interventions into modern antidiabetic treatment strategies.

In conclusion, Croton species represent a largely untapped reservoir of bioactive phytochemicals with the potential to contribute meaningfully to diabetes management. Rigorous pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies are warranted to fully elucidate their efficacy, safety, and mechanistic pathways.

Summary of the mechanisms of action involved in the diabetes-related pharmacological effects of Croton species. The modes of action involved in the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as inflammation, oxidative stress and diabetic complications of Croton species and their compounds are schematized.