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Pituitary adenomas is a type of brain tumor with diverse behaviors and complexities. About half of pituitary adenomas are known to secrete specific hormones, most frequently prolactin, growth hormone, or adrenocorticotropic hormone. Despite being histologically benign, these tumors can cause significant endocrine disturbances, leading to considerable morbidity and potentially shortening lifespan. Due to their pathophysiological endocrine secretion and proximity to critical neural and vascular structures, hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas require comprehensive management.
Pituitary adenomas are linked with several related disorders, including prolactinoma, acromegaly, Cushing’s disease, and non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Treatment often requires a combination of surgery, medical therapies (such as dopamine agonists or somatostatin receptor ligands), and radiotherapy, due to their significant impact on patient mortality, morbidity, and quality of life [44][45]. Transsphenoidal surgery is usually the first-line treatment for pituitary tumors, except for prolactinomas. However, the tumor’s local invasiveness may complicate surgical resection, occasionally necessitating initial medical therapy [46].