Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
YULIA MERKHER
 -- 3006 2023-11-28 07:34:42 |
2 layout
Jessie Wu
Meta information modification 3006 2023-11-28 09:19:48 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Merkher, Y.; Kontareva, E.; Alexandrova, A.; Javaraiah, R.; Pustovalova, M.; Leonov, S. Anti-Cancer Properties of Flaxseed Proteome. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52115 (accessed on 03 May 2024).
Merkher Y, Kontareva E, Alexandrova A, Javaraiah R, Pustovalova M, Leonov S. Anti-Cancer Properties of Flaxseed Proteome. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52115. Accessed May 03, 2024.
Merkher, Yulia, Elizaveta Kontareva, Anastasia Alexandrova, Rajesha Javaraiah, Margarita Pustovalova, Sergey Leonov. "Anti-Cancer Properties of Flaxseed Proteome" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52115 (accessed May 03, 2024).
Merkher, Y., Kontareva, E., Alexandrova, A., Javaraiah, R., Pustovalova, M., & Leonov, S. (2023, November 28). Anti-Cancer Properties of Flaxseed Proteome. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52115
Merkher, Yulia, et al. "Anti-Cancer Properties of Flaxseed Proteome." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 November, 2023.
Anti-Cancer Properties of Flaxseed Proteome
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/proteomes11040037

Flaxseed has been recognized as a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, including proteins that possess various health benefits. In recent years, studies have shown that flaxseed proteins, including albumins, globulins, glutelin, and prolamins, possess anti-cancer properties. These properties are attributed to their ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and interfere with cancer cell signaling pathways, ultimately leading to the inhibition of metastasis.

flaxseed proteins cancer treatment radiotherapy mechanobiology proteoform level analysis metastasis

1. Flaxseed Proteins

Flaxseed comprises 30–41% fat, 20–35% dietary fiber, 20–30% protein, 4–8% moisture, 3–4% ash, and 1% simple sugars [1]. Recently, researchers have begun exploring the anti-cancer properties of flaxseed proteins, uncovering various ways in which they may exhibit such properties. For instance, flaxseed stands out as a significant dietary source of lignans, a type of phytoestrogen recognized for its anti-cancer attributes [2]. Lignans have been found to inhibit the growth of hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast and prostate cancers, by interfering with the effects of estrogen on these tissues [3]. Additionally, flaxseed offers an abundant supply of alpha-linolenic acid—an omega-3 fatty acid. Omega-3 fatty acids are known for their anti-inflammatory effects, potentially reducing cancer risk [4][5]. Moreover, there is speculation that omega-3 fatty acids could hinder or limit the proliferation and dissemination of certain types of cancer cells [6]. The rich antioxidant content in flaxseed contributes to cellular protection against damage induced by free radicals [7][8]. Free radicals, unstable molecules, can induce cellular damage and escalate cancer risk. Certain studies have even indicated that flaxseed proteins might possess anti-angiogenic properties, impeding the formation of new blood vessels essential for tumor growth [9].
The composition of flaxseed proteins can fluctuate based on factors such as flax variety, growth conditions, and processing techniques. However, on average, flaxseed proteins comprise roughly 15–25% albumins, 43–80% globulins, 4–10% prolamins, and up to 10% other proteins [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], as illustrated in Figure 1.
Proteomes 11 00037 g001
Figure 1. Flaxseed protein composition. Note: percentages may vary depending on the source and processing of the flaxseed.
The level and composition of flaxseed proteome depends on many factors, for example, cultivars, environmental conditions, and processing methods [16]. Flaxseed proteins mainly consist of 11S globulin and 2S albumin (Table 1). The 11S globulin is a salt-soluble protein; it has high molecular weight (252–298 kDa). The 2S albumin is a water-soluble protein; it has low molecular weight (16–17 kDa) [12][16][18].
Table 1. Proteome components found in flaxseed, and their potential heals benefits. Images prepared using Mol* Viewer 1.1, RCSB Protein Data Bank software (RCSB PDB, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
Proteome
Component		 Structure Percentage of Total Protein Potential Health Benefits
11S Globulin Proteomes 11 00037 i001 43–48% Contains anti-cancer peptides [19][20][21]; may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects [22][23]
2S Albumin Proteomes 11 00037 i002 16–18% Contains peptides with potential anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects [21][24][25]; may have cholesterol-lowering effects [26]
7S Vicilin-Like Globulin Proteomes 11 00037 i003 11–13% May have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [23][27]; contains peptides with potential anti-cancer effects [28]
Prolamin Proteomes 11 00037 i004 4–6% Contains peptides with potential anti-cancer effects [29][30]
Glutelin-Like Protein Proteomes 11 00037 i005 2–3% May have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [31][32]
Other Proteins Proteomes 11 00037 i006 10–15% May include lignans, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and thus potential anti-cancer effects [33][34]

2. Albumins of Flaxseed

Albumin, a type of protein present in various foods such as egg whites and whey protein, is recognized for its water-soluble nature and high digestibility, making it a valuable source of essential amino acids. While flaxseed albumin has not been as extensively studied as other components like lignans or omega-3 fatty acids, there exists some evidence to suggest its potential anti-cancer properties. Functioning as a potent antioxidant, albumin aids in neutralizing free radicals—unstable molecules responsible for cellular damage and heightened cancer risk [7]. Furthermore, albumin plays a pivotal role in immune system functionality, safeguarding against endothelial dysfunction through immunomodulation and antioxidant mechanisms [35]. Diminished albumin levels could potentially trigger inflammation and an increase in leukocyte count [36]. As a significant source of amino acids, albumin contributes to essential protein synthesis required for healthy cell growth and division; deficiencies in this synthesis have been correlated with an elevated cancer risk [37][38]. Albumin is also responsible for transporting vital nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, throughout the body [39], which is crucial for maintaining a robust immune system and minimizing cancer risk. Beyond these roles, albumin can serve as a carrier for chemotherapy drugs, enhancing their targeted delivery to tumor sites and potentially lowering metastasis risk [40].
The extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of proteins and molecules surrounding cells, plays a pivotal role in cancer progression and metastasis. Evidence indicates that albumin interacts with and regulates ECM components, potentially inhibiting cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Albumin’s interactions encompass key proteins involved in cancer cell invasion, like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) [41][42]. Moreover, albumin can engage with other ECM proteins, such as laminin and fibronectin, contributing to the inhibition of cancer cell invasion [43][44][45].
The primary form of albumin in flaxseed is 2S albumin, a seed storage protein. Although the precise physiological and metabolic role of 2S albumins remains to be definitively described, evidence based on their amino acid composition and mobilization during germination suggests their function as nitrogen and sulfur donors [46]. Typically existing as heterodimers, these proteins consist of 8–16 kDa water-soluble polypeptides [46], connected by two disulfide bonds resistant to pepsin and trypsin. While the subunit compositions and structures of 2S albumins differ, their 3D form is generally a compact sphere enriched in α-helices [47][48]. An extensively studied anti-cancer peptide derived from plants is lunasin, a small peptide from the 2S albumin family, containing 43–44 amino acid residues [24]. Lunasin encompasses multiple functional domains, including an aspartic acid tail, an RGD domain, and a chromatin-binding helical domain [49]. Lunasin exhibits a wide-ranging therapeutic effect against cancer in both laboratory and live models, encompassing lung cancer, colon cancer, leukemia, melanoma, and breast cancer [50][51]. This protein holds the potential to hinder cancer cell invasion and migration (Table 2) and represents a promising avenue for further research in developing novel cancer treatments.
Table 2. Anti-metastatic action of 2S albumin component–Lunasin.
Action Mode of Action Evidence
Inhibits cancer proliferation and induce apoptosis Interaction with the αvβ3 integrin via the FAK/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway; activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP [52][53] Inhibited the proliferation and the tumorsphere-forming capacity of colon cancer HCT-116 cells [54]. Increased the amount of colon cancer cells KM12L4 undergoing apoptosis twofold [55]. Reduced tumor growth in NSCLC and melanoma xenografts [51].
Inhibits cancer cell invasion and migration Interaction with cellular receptors (integrins and EGFR); disrupts the activity of key signaling proteins (MMP-2/-9) via the FAK/Akt/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways [56] Caused a reduction in the migration (scratch assay) of HCT-116 and KM12L4 colon cancer cells [53]. Inhibited the migration and invasion activity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines [56]. Inhibited the invasion of melanoma A375 and B16-F10 cells to matrigel [50].
Reduces inflammation and oxidation Reduction in the production of certain inflammatory markers (ROS, TNF-α and IL-6) [57][58] Mouse macrophage cells (LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7) reduced the production of certain inflammatory markers (ROS, TNF-α and IL-6) [59].
Reduces cancer cells colonization Reduction in phosphorylation of the intracellular kinases FAK and AKT; reduction in histone acetylation of lysine residues in H3 and H4 histones [50] Reduced pulmonary colonization after injection of highly metastatic B16-F10 melanoma cells [50][51]. Inhibited formation of liver metastasis in murine model [53].
Arrest cell cycle Arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M and G1/S phase; altered the expression of the G1 specific cyclin-dependent kinase complex components, increased levels of p27Kip1, reduced levels of phosphorylated Akt [55][60] Inhibited cell cycle progression at the G1/S phase for NSCLC H661 cells [60]. Lunasin treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells resulted in a notable increase in RB1 level, which lead to arrest of G1 phase [61]
Overall, while further research is required to comprehensively comprehend the potential anti-cancer effects of 2S albumin, this protein shows promise in potentially inhibiting cancer cell invasion and migration. Thus, it stands as a promising realm of investigation for the advancement of novel cancer treatments.

3. Globulins of Flaxseed

Globulins form a diverse family of proteins present in various foods, including legumes, nuts, and animal products. Among flaxseed proteins, globulin takes precedence as the principal component, its size being reported to be in the range of 252–298 kDa (for 11–12 S Globulins). Comprising about 3% α-helical and 17% β-structures [62][63][64], globulins, akin to albumins, have not undergone extensive examination for their anti-cancer attributes. Nevertheless, some evidence indicates the potential anti-cancer properties of globulins.
Globulins play a pivotal role in the immune system, actively combating infections and diseases, including cancer. There has been a suggestion that globulins might stimulate white blood cell production, contributing to the battle against cancer cells [65]. Certain globulins have been shown to impede the activity of enzymes linked to tumor growth and metastasis. For instance, soybean globulins have been observed to hinder the action of tyrosine kinase, an enzyme central to cancer cell proliferation [66][67]. Certain globulins, like whey protein, boast significant antioxidant content that aids in neutralizing free radicals and guarding against cellular damage that could lead to cancer [68]. Moreover, globulins partake in regulating hormone levels within the body [69][70][71]. Given that hormones can influence the development and progression of specific cancers, modulating their levels might yield anti-cancer effects as well.
Predominantly, flaxseed’s major globulin type is the 11S globulin (comprising over 85% of all globulins), while the 7S (less than 2%) and 2S Vicilin-like globulins (less than 4%) are considered minor [72]. The non-reduced 11S globulin reveals five polypeptide bands, including a basic subunit (18–20 kDa), an acidic subunit (30–40 kDa), and additional polypeptides with molecular weights of 47, 80, 120, and 160 kDa. Studies exploring the distinct biological properties of flaxseed protein digests have yielded varied results, contingent on the methods employed. For example, the highest antioxidant activity (90%) and effective fungal inhibition were observed with glutelin hydrolysates, whereas intact glutelin protein exhibited the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting (60%) activity [13]. There is some evidence suggesting that 11S globulin (also referred to as glutelin [73]), a major storage protein in flaxseed, might possess anti-cancer properties, potentially inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis (Table 3). However, it is crucial to acknowledge that these investigations were conducted in vitro (within a laboratory setting using cell cultures), and further research is necessary to ascertain the potential effects of glutelin in vivo (within living organisms).
Table 3. Anti-tumor action of 11S globulin components.
Action Mode of Action Evidence
Inhibits cancer cell growth and proliferation Lectin was responsible for the antiproliferative activity of the MPI-h [74]. Acid fraction of glycinin, composed of low molecular weight peptides, was able to inhibit cancer cells growth [75]. Inhibited the proliferation of UMR106 rat osteosarcoma-derived cells [74] and inhibited the growth of cervical cancer HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner [75].
Antioxidant effect Small (~1 kDa) peptides generated from 11S globulin inhibit the formation of hydroxyl radicals by reaction of H2O2 and Co+2 and decreasing ROS [20] Demonstrated peroxyl radical scavenging activity dependent on the structure of peptides in human adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2 TC7 [20]
Induces cancer cell death (apoptosis) Increased the expression levels of apoptosis-related spot-like protein (ASC), caspase-1, the cleaved gasdermin D, and interleukin-1β [76]. Flaxseed orbitides influence mitochondrial- and death receptor-mediated intrinsic and extrinsic pathways [77]. Glutelin extracts induced the apoptosis of cervical cancer HeLa cells [78]. Human gastric SGC-7901 cell apoptosis was induced by linusorb B3 flaxseed orbitides [77]
Arresting cell cycle Linoorbitides arrested the cell at the G1 phase by downregulation of CDK2/4 and overexpression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1 genes [79]. Cyclolinopeptides/linusorbs are capable of arresting cell cycle, and thus reduce metastasis spreading in human gastric SGC-7901 cells [79].
Cytotoxic effect on cancer cells Linoorbitides have strong cytotoxic effect probably due to its binding abilities to human serum albumin [11]. Linusorb B3 is cytotoxic to human melanoma cells A375 and breast cancer cells Sk-Br-3 and MCF7 at high concentration [80].

4. The Combined Anti-Cancer Action of Flaxseed Proteins

Flaxseed proteins can be consumed as part of the diet and subsequently absorbed within the digestive tract. Once absorbed, they can enter the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body, potentially reaching cancer cells. There is also the possibility of delivering flaxseed proteins directly to cancer cells through targeted drug delivery systems or nanoparticle formulations. Moreover, the topical application of flaxseed oil, which contains certain proteins present in flaxseed, has been explored as a potential method for delivering these proteins to skin cancer cells [81][82].
The efficacy of flaxseed proteins in various cancer cell lines, such as breast [83], skin [50], prostate, and colon [53] cancer cells, has been demonstrated. Flaxseed proteins have exhibited anti-tumor activity by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death) [11]. Notably, flaxseed proteins possess the capacity to modulate the immune system, which holds a pivotal role in cancer surveillance and elimination [81]. Furthermore, flaxseed proteins have been observed to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs across different cancer cell lines [5][84].
According to the ClinicalTrials.gov database, there are no past or current clinical trials specifically focused on cancer treatment using proteins from flaxseed. However, 21 clinical trials have been conducted to explore the biological effects of dietary flaxseed, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, on cancer patients (only 3 of them—with results and none of them on phase 4). Unfortunately, no significant positive results or in-depth investigations into the underlying mechanisms of action have been recorded. For instance, there were no notable effects of flaxseed on aromatase inhibitors’ activity concerning selected breast tumor characteristics or serum steroid hormone levels [85]. In patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing radiotherapy, the daily intake of flaxseed led to noteworthy treatment-related gastrointestinal toxicities, even though there was a low reported incidence of acute radiation-induced complications [86]. On the other hand, there is an indication that a dietary milled sesame/pumpkin/flax seed mixture, added to a habitual diet, lowered triglyceride and CRP, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels, affected glycemic control, and improved fatty acid profile and pruritus symptoms [87]. Currently (2023), there are only two ongoing clinical trials investigating the use of flaxseed in cancer treatment.
In essence, the potential advantages of utilizing extracted and especially selected flaxseed proteins in cancer treatment are indeed promising (Figure 2). However, further research is imperative to fully elucidate their underlying mechanisms of action and gauge their clinical effectiveness in treating cancer.
Proteomes 11 00037 g001
Figure 2. Anti-cancer action of main flaxseed proteins.

5. Flaxseed Proteome Effect on Anti-Cancer Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy (RT) stands as a prominent method for cancer treatment, functioning by inducing DNA damage within cancer cells. This complex medical procedure necessitates meticulous planning and monitoring. However, despite advancements in RT techniques, certain tumors display notable radio resistance, leading to elevated rates of treatment failure and tumor relapse [88][89]. Upon encountering DNA damage, cancer cells elevate their antioxidant activity [90] and metabolic processes, encompassing glucose flux, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid utilization. This metabolic response provides the necessary substrates and energy for the repair of DNA damage [91].
Although research specifically focusing on the impact of flaxseed proteins on radiotherapy remains limited, it is crucial to recognize that flaxseed proteins could potentially offer benefits during radiotherapy due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Flaxseed 2S-albumin, akin to other albumin proteins, possesses antioxidant attributes (Table 1 and Table 2). Antioxidants play a role in neutralizing the free radicals generated during radiotherapy [92], thereby reducing oxidative stress and potential harm to healthy tissues. Through its scavenging action against free radicals, flaxseed 2S-albumin might confer protective effects on cells exposed to radiation.
Some studies propose that specific globulin proteins exhibit anti-inflammatory characteristics (Table 1 and Table 3). Inflammation is a natural reaction to radiation exposure [93], but excessive or prolonged inflammation could contribute to tissue damage. By lessening inflammation, flaxseed 11S-globulin might potentially alleviate some of the detrimental effects of radiotherapy on healthy tissues.
Flaxseed proteins, including 2S-albumin and 11S-globulin, furnish essential amino acids and contribute to nutritional support for the body. Maintaining sufficient protein intake is vital during radiotherapy to facilitate tissue repair and overall well-being [94]. Flaxseed proteins can play a role in meeting the nutritional requirements of individuals undergoing radiotherapy, potentially supporting recovery and minimizing treatment-related complications.
Previous research has demonstrated that the intake of flaxseed oil increased the survival rate of rats exposed to 8 Gy gamma radiation. However, this effect was hypothesized to stem from indirect biological mechanisms, such as impacts on the gut microbiota, rather than the direct radioprotective qualities of flaxseed oil [95]. For instance, after being metabolized by the intestinal microbiota, flax components could modify mammary gland miRNAs, potentially reducing the risk of adult breast cancer [96]. Flaxseed has also shown potential in mitigating side effects induced by radiotherapy. In mice subjected to a combination of thoracic radiation therapy and a flaxseed diet, a decrease in p53-responsive miR-34a was observed. This miRNA is associated with cellular maturity and apoptosis regulation [97]. Mice fed with flaxseed exhibited reduced expression of lung injury biomarkers (Bax, p21, and TGF-beta1), oxidative lung damage, lung fibrosis, and inflammatory cell influx into lungs following 13.5 Gy thoracic X-ray radiation exposure. However, the radioprotective effect of flaxseed on Lewis Lung carcinoma was not observed [98][99]. Consequently, targeting tumor metabolism through the flaxseed proteome presents a promising therapeutic avenue for safeguarding normal cells during radiation while sensitizing cancer cells to its effects.

6. Conclusions

Nutrition plays a crucial role in the overall well-being of cancer patients and can significantly contribute to reducing complications during treatment [168,169]. In recent years, there has been a growing focus on plant-based nutrition as a means to protect against a range of leading causes of death, including various types of cancer such as breast, prostate, colorectal, and gastrointestinal cancers. Plant-based diets comprising whole foods have demonstrated substantial protective effects against these cancers and other chronic diseases. These diets can serve as disease-modifying agents, enhancing the management and treatment of these conditions. Consequently, interventions involving nutrition in the prevention of diverse cancers offer a notable complement to existing medical therapies.

Addressing the current gaps in knowledge about flaxseed proteins is crucial for advancing both cancer treatment and overall health. Firstly, the limited representation of flaxseed proteins in existing databases underscores the need for a more comprehensive inclusion of this vital information. Additionally, the absence of established sequences for flaxseed proteins poses a challenge in understanding their biological activities. Furthermore, the scarcity of research on the properties of flaxseed for cancer treatment emphasizes the importance of exploring these avenues. The development of a compatible nutraceutical enriched with flaxseed proteins and the analysis of its anti-metastatic effects contribute significantly to promoting healthy aging. These initiatives not only address existing gaps but also pave the way for novel strategies that can enhance both cancer treatment and overall well-being.

References

  1. Bernacchia, R.; Preti, R.; Vinci, G. Chemical Composition and Health Benefits of Flaxseed. Austin J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2014, 2, 1045.
  2. Lowcock, E.C.; Cotterchio, M.; Boucher, B.A. Consumption of Flaxseed, a Rich Source of Lignans, Is Associated with Reduced Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Causes Control 2013, 24, 813–816.
  3. McCann, S.E.; Hootman, K.C.; Weaver, A.M.; Thompson, L.U.; Morrison, C.; Hwang, H.; Edge, S.B.; Ambrosone, C.B.; Horvath, P.J.; Kulkarni, S.A. Dietary Intakes of Total and Specific Lignans Are Associated with Clinical Breast Tumor Characteristics. J. Nutr. 2012, 142, 91.
  4. Freitas, R.D.S.; Campos, M.M. Protective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cancer-Related Complications. Nutrients 2019, 11, 945.
  5. Pal, P.; Hales, K.; Petrik, J.; Hales, D.B. Pro-Apoptotic and Anti-Angiogenic Actions of 2-Methoxyestradiol and Docosahexaenoic Acid, the Biologically Derived Active Compounds from Flaxseed Diet, in Preventing Ovarian Cancer. J. Ovarian Res. 2019, 12, 49.
  6. D’Eliseo, D.; Velotti, F. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity: Implications for Multi-Targeted Cancer Therapy. J. Clin. Med. 2016, 5, 15.
  7. Lobo, V.; Patil, A.; Phatak, A.; Chandra, N. Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Functional Foods: Impact on Human Health. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2010, 4, 118.
  8. Pruteanu, L.L.; Bailey, D.S.; Grădinaru, A.C.; Jäntschi, L. The Biochemistry and Effectiveness of Antioxidants in Food, Fruits, and Marine Algae. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 860.
  9. Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021, 71, 209–249.
  10. Kajla, P.; Goyal, N.; Bangar, S.P.; Chaudhary, V.; Lorenzo, J.M. Flaxseed Proteins (Linum Usitassimum): Thermal, Functional and Spectroscopic Characterization. Food Anal. Methods 2023, 16, 459–467.
  11. Mueed, A.; Madjirebaye, P.; Shibli, S.; Deng, Z. Flaxseed Peptides and Cyclolinopeptides: A Critical Review on Proteomic Approaches, Biological Activity, and Future Perspectives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2022, 70, 14600–14612.
  12. Sammour, R.H. Proteins of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), Extraction and Characterization by Electrophoresis. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 1999, 40, 121–126.
  13. Ayad, A.A. Characterization and Properties of Flaxseed Protein Fractions. Ph.D. Thesis, Mcgill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2010.
  14. Singh, K.K.; Mridula, D.; Rehal, J.; Barnwal, P. Flaxseed: A Potential Source of Food, Feed and Fiber. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2011, 51, 210–222.
  15. Sharma, M.; Saini, C.S. Amino Acid Composition, Nutritional Profiling, Mineral Content and Physicochemical Properties of Protein Isolate from Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum). J. Food Meas. Charact. 2022, 16, 829–839.
  16. Peng, D.; Ye, J.; Jin, W.; Yang, J.; Geng, F.; Deng, Q. A Review on the Utilization of Flaxseed Protein as Interfacial Stabilizers for Food Applications. JAOCS J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2022, 99, 723–737.
  17. Oomah, B.D.; Mazza, G. Flaxseed Proteins—A Review. Food Chem. 1993, 48, 109–114.
  18. Arntfield, S.D. Proteins from Oil-Producing Plants. In Proteins in Food Processing, 2nd ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Sawston, UK, 2018; pp. 187–221.
  19. Xie, M.; Liu, D.; Yang, Y. Anti-Cancer Peptides: Classification, Mechanism of Action, Reconstruction and Modification. Open Biol. 2020, 10, 200004.
  20. Fillería, S.G.; Nardo, A.E.; Paulino, M.; Tironi, V. Peptides Derived from the Gastrointestinal Digestion of Amaranth 11S Globulin: Structure and Antioxidant Functionality. Food Chem. Mol. Sci. 2021, 3, 100053.
  21. Taghizadeh, S.F.; Rezaee, R.; Mehmandoust, M.; Badibostan, H.; Karimi, G. Assessment of in Vitro Bioactivities of Pis v 1 (2S Albumin) and Pis v 2.0101 (11S Globulin) Proteins Derived from Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). J. Food Meas. Charact. 2020, 14, 1054–1063.
  22. Sandoval-Sicairos, E.S.; Milán-Noris, A.K.; Luna-Vital, D.A.; Milán-Carrillo, J.; Montoya-Rodríguez, A. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Peptides Released from Germinated Amaranth during in Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion. Food Chem. 2021, 343, 128394.
  23. Martínez, J.H.; Velázquez, F.; Burrieza, H.P.; Martínez, K.D.; Paula Domínguez Rubio, A.; dos Santos Ferreira, C.; del Pilar Buera, M.; Pérez, O.E. Betanin Loaded Nanocarriers Based on Quinoa Seed 11S Globulin. Impact on the Protein Structure and Antioxidant Activity. Food Hydrocoll. 2019, 87, 880–890.
  24. Luo, X.; Wu, W.; Feng, L.; Treves, H.; Ren, M. Short Peptides Make a Big Difference: The Role of Botany-Derived Amps in Disease Control and Protection of Human Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11363.
  25. Paterson, S.; Fernández-Tomé, S.; Hernández-Ledesma, B. Modulatory Effects of a Lunasin-Enriched Soybean Extract on Immune Response and Oxidative Stress-Associated Biomarkers. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 12, 10.
  26. Caponio, G.R.; Wang, D.Q.H.; Di Ciaula, A.; De Angelis, M.; Portincasa, P. Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism by Bioactive Components of Soy Proteins: Novel Translational Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 227.
  27. Capraro, J.; De Benedetti, S.; Heinzl, G.C.; Scarafoni, A.; Magni, C. Bioactivities of Pseudocereal Fractionated Seed Proteins and Derived Peptides Relevant for Maintaining Human Well-Being. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3543.
  28. Ateeq, M.; Adeel, M.M.; Kanwal, A.; Qamar, M.T.U.; Saeed, A.; Khaliq, B.; Saeed, Q.; Atiq, M.N.; Bilal, M.; Alharbi, M.; et al. In Silico Analysis and Functional Characterization of Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Vicilin from Moth Bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) Seeds. Molecules 2022, 27, 3251.
  29. Chen, Y.J.; Chen, Y.Y.; Wu, C.T.; Yu, C.C.; Liao, H.F. Prolamin, a Rice Protein, Augments Anti-Leukaemia Immune Response. J. Cereal Sci. 2010, 51, 189–197.
  30. Ji, Z.; Mao, J.; Chen, S.; Mao, J. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Peptides from Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Prolamins in HaCaT Cells and RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages. Food Biosci. 2020, 36, 100636.
  31. Jimenez-Pulido, I.J.; Daniel, R.; Perez, J.; Martínez-Villaluenga, C.; De Luis, D.; Martín Diana, A.B. Impact of Protein Content on the Antioxidants, Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Glycemic Index of Wheat and Wheat Bran. Foods 2022, 11, 2049.
  32. Montserrat-de la Paz, S.; Rodriguez-Martin, N.M.; Villanueva, A.; Pedroche, J.; Cruz-Chamorro, I.; Millan, F.; Millan-Linares, M.C. Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Atheroprotective Properties of Wheat Gluten Protein Hydrolysates in Primary Human Monocytes. Foods 2020, 9, 854.
  33. Aqeel, T.; Gurumallu, S.C.; Bhaskar, A.; Hashimi, S.M.; Lohith, N.C.; Javaraiah, R. Protective Role of Flaxseed Lignan Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside against Lead-Acetate-Induced Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Phytomedicine Plus 2021, 1, 100038.
  34. Rajesha, J.; Ranga Rao, A.; Madhusudhan, B.; Karunakumar, M. Antibacterial Properties of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Isolated from Indian Flaxseed Cultivars. Curr. Trends Biotechnol. Pharm. 2010, 4, 551–560.
  35. Nguyen, N.P.T.; Cong, T.L.; Tran, T.T.H.; Do, B.N.; Nguyen, S.T.; Vu, B.T.; Nguyen, L.H.T.; Van Ngo, M.; Dinh, H.T.; Huy, H.D.; et al. Lower Plasma Albumin, Higher White Blood Cell Count and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Are Associated with Femoral Artery Intima-Media Thickness Among Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2022, 15, 2715–2725.
  36. Lessomo, F.Y.N.; Fan, Q.; Wang, Z.Q.; Mukuka, C. The Relationship between Leukocyte to Albumin Ratio and Atrial Fibrillation Severity. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2023, 23, 67.
  37. Gupta, D.; Lis, C.G. Pretreatment Serum Albumin as a Predictor of Cancer Survival: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Literature. Nutr. J. 2010, 9, 69.
  38. Nazha, B.; Moussaly, E.; Zaarour, M.; Weerasinghe, C.; Azab, B. Hypoalbuminemia in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis: Nutritional Marker or Inflammatory Surrogate? World J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2015, 7, 370.
  39. Van De Wouw, J.; Joles, J.A. Albumin Is an Interface between Blood Plasma and Cell Membrane, and Not Just a Sponge. Clin. Kidney J. 2022, 15, 624–634.
  40. Cho, H.; Jeon, S.I.; Ahn, C.H.; Shim, M.K.; Kim, K. Emerging Albumin-Binding Anticancer Drugs for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery: Current Understandings and Clinical Translation. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 728.
  41. Li, H.; Wang, Z.; Yu, S.; Chen, S.; Zhou, Y.; Qu, Y.; Xu, P.; Jiang, L.; Yuan, C.; Huang, M. Albumin-Based Drug Carrier Targeting Urokinase Receptor for Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Pharm. 2023, 634, 122636.
  42. Ranaivo, H.R.; Hodge, J.N.; Choi, N.; Wainwright, M.S. Albumin Induces Upregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Astrocytes via MAPK and Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Pathways. J. Neuroinflamm. 2012, 9, 68.
  43. von Au, A.; Vasel, M.; Kraft, S.; Sens, C.; Hackl, N.; Marx, A.; Stroebel, P.; Hennenlotter, J.; Todenhöfer, T.; Stenzl, A.; et al. Circulating Fibronectin Controls Tumor Growth. Neoplasia 2013, 15, 925–938.
  44. Zhao, P.; Wang, Y.; Wu, A.; Rao, Y.; Huang, Y. Roles of Albumin-Binding Proteins in Cancer Progression and Biomimetic Targeted Drug Delivery. ChemBioChem 2018, 19, 1796–1805.
  45. Givant-Horwitz, V.; Davidson, B.; Reich, R. Laminin-Induced Signaling in Tumor Cells. Cancer Lett. 2005, 223, 1–10.
  46. Radovic, R.S.; Maksimovic, R.V.; Brkljacic, M.J.; Varkonji Gasic, I.E.; Savic, P.A. 2S Albumin from Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 1467–1470.
  47. Souza, P.F.N. The Forgotten 2S Albumin Proteins: Importance, Structure, and Biotechnological Application in Agriculture and Human Health. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 164, 4638–4649.
  48. Bueno-Díaz, C.; Martín-Pedraza, L.; Parrón, J.; Cuesta-Herranz, J.; Cabanillas, B.; Pastor-Vargas, C.; Batanero, E.; Villalba, M. Characterization of Relevant Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Food Allergies: An Overview of the 2s Albumin Family. Foods 2021, 10, 1235.
  49. Khan, S.; Ali, S.A.; Yasmin, T.; Ahmed, M.; Khan, H. Purification and Characterization of 2S Albumin from Nelumbo Nucifera. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2016, 80, 2109–2114.
  50. Shidal, C.; Inaba, J.I.; Yaddanapudi, K.; Davis, K.R. The Soy-Derived Peptide Lunasin Inhibits Invasive Potential of Melanoma Initiating Cells. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 25525–25541.
  51. Vuyyuri, S.B.; Shidal, C.; Davis, K.R. Development of the Plant-Derived Peptide Lunasin as an Anticancer Agent. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2018, 41, 27–33.
  52. Seber, L.E.; Barnett, B.W.; McConnell, E.J.; Hume, S.D.; Cai, J.; Boles, K.; Davis, K.R. Scalable Purification and Characterization of the Anticancer Lunasin Peptide from Soybean. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e35409.
  53. Dia, V.P.; Gonzalez de Mejia, E. Lunasin Potentiates the Effect of Oxaliplatin Preventing Outgrowth of Colon Cancer Metastasis, Binds to α 5β 1 Integrin and Suppresses FAK/ERK/NF-ΚB Signaling. Cancer Lett. 2011, 313, 167–180.
  54. Fernández-tomé, S.; Xu, F.; Han, Y.; Hernández-ledesma, B.; Xiao, H. Inhibitory Effects of Peptide Lunasin in Colorectal Cancer Hct-116 Cells and Their Tumorsphere-Derived Subpopulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 537.
  55. Dia, V.P.; De Mejia, E.G. Lunasin Induces Apoptosis and Modifies the Expression of Genes Associated with Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion in Human Metastatic Colon Cancer Cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55, 623–634.
  56. Jiang, Q.; Pan, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Li, H.; Liu, D.; Li, H. Lunasin Suppresses the Migration and Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/-9 via the FAK/Akt/ERK and NF-ΚB Signaling Pathways. Oncol. Rep. 2016, 36, 253–262.
  57. Aggarwal, B.B.; Gehlot, P. Inflammation and Cancer: How Friendly Is the Relationship for Cancer Patients? Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2009, 9, 351–369.
  58. Wan, X.; Liu, H.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, J.; Chen, X.; Chen, N. Lunasin: A Promising Polypeptide for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Oncol. Lett. 2017, 13, 3997–4001.
  59. Hernández-Ledesma, B.; Hsieh, C.C.; de Lumen, B.O. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cancer Preventive Peptide Lunasin in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 390, 803–808.
  60. McConnell, E.J.; Devapatla, B.; Yaddanapudi, K.; Davis, K.R. The Soybean-Derived Peptide Lunasin Inhibits Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation by Suppressing Phosphorylation of the Retinoblastoma Protein. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 4649–4662.
  61. Hsieh, C.C.; Hernández-Ledesma, B.; de Lumen, B.O. Lunasin, a Novel Seed Peptide, Sensitizes Human Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells to Aspirin-Arrested Cell Cycle and Induced Apoptosis. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2010, 186, 127–134.
  62. Youle, R.J.; Huang, A.H.C. Occurrence of low molecular weight and high cysteine containing albumin storage proteins in oilseeds of diverse species. Am. J. Bot. 1981, 68, 44–48.
  63. Madhusudhan, K.T.; Singh, N. Isolation and Characterization of a Small Molecular Weight Protein of Linseed Meal. Phytochemistry 1985, 24, 2507–2509.
  64. Dev, D.K.; Sienkiewicz, T. Isolation and Subunit Composition of 11 S Globulin of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Food/Nahr. 1987, 31, 767–769.
  65. El-Saadany, A.S.; Hanafy, M.M.; Elkomy, A.E. Flaxseed and Agnus-Castuson Vitex as a Source of Phytoestrogens and Their Impact on Productive Performance, Some Blood Constituents, and Blood Oestradiol Profile of Aged Laying Hens. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2022, 21, 821–830.
  66. Singh, A.; Meena, M.; Kumar, D.; Dubey, A.K.; Hassan, M.I. Structural and Functional Analysis of Various Globulin Proteins from Soy Seed. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2015, 55, 1491–1502.
  67. Paul, M.K.; Mukhopadhyay, A.K. Tyrosine Kinase—Role and Significance in Cancer. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2012, 1, 101–115.
  68. Bochnak-Niedźwiecka, J.; Szymanowska, U.; Kapusta, I.; Świeca, M. Antioxidant Content and Antioxidant Capacity of the Protein-Rich Powdered Beverages Enriched with Flax Seeds Gum. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 582.
  69. Yousif, A.N. Effect of Flaxseed on Some Hormonal Profile and Genomic DNA Concentration in Karadi Lambs. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 388, 012035.
  70. Nowak, D.A.; Snyder, D.C.; Brown, A.J.; Demark-Wahnefried, W. The Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Hormonal Levels Associated with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Case Study. Curr. Top. Nutraceutical Res. 2007, 5, 177–181.
  71. Chang, V.C.; Cotterchio, M.; Boucher, B.A.; Jenkins, D.J.A.; Mirea, L.; McCann, S.E.; Thompson, L.U. Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Intake on Circulating Sex Hormone Levels among Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Trial. Nutr. Cancer 2019, 71, 385–398.
  72. Ajibola, C.F.; Aluko, R.E. Physicochemical and Functional Properties of 2S, 7S, and 11S Enriched Hemp Seed Protein Fractions. Molecules 2022, 27, 1059.
  73. Adachi, M.; Kanamori, J.; Masuda, T.; Yagasaki, K.; Kitamura, K.; Mikami, B.; Utsumi, S. Crystal Structure of Soybean 11S Globulin: Glycinin A3B4 Homohexamer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 7395–7400.
  74. Quiroga, A.V.; Barrio, D.A.; Añón, M.C. Amaranth Lectin Presents Potential Antitumor Properties. LWT 2015, 60, 478–485.
  75. Mora-Escobedo, R.; Robles-Ramírez, M.d.C.; Ramón-Gallegos, E.; Reza-Alemán, R. Effect of Protein Hydrolysates from Germinated Soybean on Cancerous Cells of the Human Cervix: An In Vitro Study. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2009, 64, 271–278.
  76. Wang, L.; Sun, Z.; Xie, W.; Peng, C.; Ding, H.; Li, Y.; Feng, S.; Wang, X.; Zhao, C.; Wu, J. 11S Glycinin Up-Regulated NLRP-3-Induced Pyroptosis by Triggering Reactive Oxygen Species in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 677.
  77. Zou, X.G.; Hu, J.N.; Li, J.; Yang, J.Y.; Du, Y.X.; Yu, Y.F.; Deng, Z.Y. ICellular Uptake of -Linusorb B2 and -Linusorb B3 Isolated from Flaxseed, and Their Antitumor Activities in Human Gastric SGC-7901 Cells. J. Funct. Foods 2018, 48, 692–703.
  78. Silva-Sánchez, C.; Barba De La Rosa, A.P.; León-Galván, M.F.; De Lumen, B.O.; De León-Rodríguez, A.; González De Mejía, E. Bioactive Peptides in Amaranth (Amaranthus Hypochondriacus) Seed. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 1233–1240.
  79. Zou, X.G.; Hu, J.N.; Wang, M.; Du, Y.X.; Li, J.; Mai, Q.Y.; Deng, Z.Y. -Linusorb B2 and -Linusorb B3 Isolated from Flaxseed Induce G1 Cell Cycle Arrest on SGC-7901 Cells by Modulating the AKT/JNK Signaling Pathway. J. Funct. Foods 2019, 52, 332–339.
  80. Okinyo-Owiti, D.P.; Dong, Q.; Ling, B.; Jadhav, P.D.; Bauer, R.; Maley, J.M.; Reaney, M.J.T.; Yang, J.; Sammynaiken, R. Evaluating the Cytotoxicity of Flaxseed Orbitides for Potential Cancer Treatment. Toxicol. Rep. 2015, 2, 1014–1018.
  81. Deshpande, R.; Raina, P.; Shinde, K.; Mansara, P.; Karandikar, M.; Kaul-Ghanekar, R. Flax Seed Oil Reduced Tumor Growth, Modulated Immune Responses and Decreased HPV E6 and E7 Oncoprotein Expression in a Murine Model of Ectopic Cervical Cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2019, 143, 106332.
  82. Sung, N.Y.; Jeong, D.; Shim, Y.Y.; Ratan, Z.A.; Jang, Y.J.; Reaney, M.J.T.; Lee, S.; Lee, B.H.; Kim, J.H.; Yi, Y.S.; et al. The Anti-Cancer Effect of Linusorb B3 from Flaxseed Oil through the Promotion of Apoptosis, Inhibition of Actin Polymerization, and Suppression of Src Activity in Glioblastoma Cells. Molecules 2020, 25, 5881.
  83. Lee, J.; Cho, K. Flaxseed Sprouts Induce Apoptosis and Inhibit Growth in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells. Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. 2012, 48, 244–250.
  84. De Silva, S.F.; Alcorn, J. Flaxseed Lignans as Important Dietary Polyphenols for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Targets. Pharmaceuticals 2019, 12, 68.
  85. McCann, S.E.; Edge, S.B.; Hicks, D.G.; Thompson, L.U.; Morrison, C.D.; Fetterly, G.; Andrews, C.; Clark, K.; Wilton, J.; Kulkarni, S. A Pilot Study Comparing the Effect of Flaxseed, Aromatase Inhibitor, and the Combination on Breast Tumor Biomarkers. Nutr. Cancer 2014, 66, 566–575.
  86. Lim, T.L.; Pietrofesa, R.A.; Arguiri, E.; Koumenis, C.; Feigenberg, S.; Simone, C.B.; Rengan, R.; Cengel, K.; Levin, W.P.; Christofidou-Solomidou, M.; et al. Phase II Trial of Flaxseed to Prevent Acute Complications After Chemoradiation for Lung Cancer. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2021, 27, 824–831.
  87. Ristic-Medic, D.; Perunicic-Pekovic, G.; Rasic-Milutinovic, Z.; Takic, M.; Popovic, T.; Arsic, A.; Glibetic, M. Effects of Dietary Milled Seed Mixture on Fatty Acid Status and Inflammatory Markers in Patients on Hemodialysis. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 563576.
  88. de Mey, S.; Dufait, I.; De Ridder, M. Radioresistance of Human Cancers: Clinical Implications of Genetic Expression Signatures. Front. Oncol. 2021, 11, 761901.
  89. Fukui, R.; Saga, R.; Matsuya, Y.; Tomita, K.; Kuwahara, Y.; Ohuchi, K.; Sato, T.; Okumura, K.; Date, H.; Fukumoto, M.; et al. Tumor Radioresistance Caused by Radiation-Induced Changes of Stem-like Cell Content and Sub-Lethal Damage Repair Capability. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 1056.
  90. Engel, A.L.; Lorenz, N.I.; Klann, K.; Münch, C.; Depner, C.; Steinbach, J.P.; Ronellenfitsch, M.W.; Luger, A.L. Serine-Dependent Redox Homeostasis Regulates Glioblastoma Cell Survival. Br. J. Cancer 2020, 122, 1391–1398.
  91. Tang, L.; Wei, F.; Wu, Y.; He, Y.; Shi, L.; Xiong, F.; Gong, Z.; Guo, C.; Li, X.; Deng, H.; et al. Role of Metabolism in Cancer Cell Radioresistance and Radiosensitization Methods. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018, 37, 87.
  92. Okunieff, P.; Swarts, S.; Keng, P.; Sun, W.; Wang, W.; Kim, J.; Yang, S.; Zhang, H.; Liu, C.; Williams, J.P.; et al. Antioxidants reduce consequences of radiation exposure. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2008, 614, 165.
  93. Di Maggio, F.M.; Minafra, L.; Forte, G.I.; Cammarata, F.P.; Lio, D.; Messa, C.; Gilardi, M.C.; Bravatà, V. Portrait of Inflammatory Response to Ionizing Radiation Treatment. J. Inflamm. 2015, 12, 14.
  94. Ravasco, P. Nutrition in Cancer Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1211.
  95. Mortazavi, S.M.J.; Mosleh-Shirazi, M.A.; Tavassoli, A.R.; Taheri, M.; Mehdizadeh, A.R.; Namazi, S.A.S.; Jamali, A.; Ghalandari, R.; Bonyadi, S.; Haghani, M.; et al. Increased Radioresistance to Lethal Doses of Gamma Rays in Mice and Rats after Exposure to Microwave Radiation Emitted by a GSM Mobile Phone Simulator. Dose-Response 2012, 11, 281–292.
  96. Wu, D.; Taibi, A.; Thompson, L.; Comelli, E. Flaxseed Alters Gut Microbiota-Mammary Gland MicroRNA Relationships Differently Than Its Oil and Lignan Components. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2022, 6, 342.
  97. Christofidou-Solomidou, M.; Pietrofesa, R.; Arguiri, E.; McAlexander, M.A.; Witwer, K.W. Dietary Flaxseed Modulates the MiRNA Profile in Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Murine Lungs: A Novel Mechanism of Tissue Radioprotection by Flaxseed. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2014, 15, 930–937.
  98. Lee, J.C.; Krochak, R.; Blouin, A.; Kanterakis, S.; Chatterjee, S.; Arguiri, E.; Vachani, A.; Solomides, C.C.; Cengel, K.A.; Christofidou-Solomidou, M. Dietary Flaxseed Prevents Radiation-Induced Oxidative Lung Damage, Inflammation and Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Thoracic Radiation Injury. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2009, 8, 47–53.
  99. Christofidou-Solomidou, M.; Tyagi, S.; Tan, K.S.; Hagan, S.; Pietrofesa, R.; Dukes, F.; Arguiri, E.; Heitjan, D.F.; Solomides, C.C.; Cengel, K.A. Dietary Flaxseed Administered Post Thoracic Radiation Treatment Improves Survival and Mitigates Radiation-Induced Pneumonopathy in Mice. BMC Cancer 2011, 11, 269.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Cell & Tissue Engineering
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Yulia Merkher
,
Elizaveta Kontareva
,
Anastasia Alexandrova
,
Rajesha Javaraiah
,
Margarita Pustovalova
,
Sergey Leonov
View Times: 242
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 28 Nov 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback