You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 Daizy R. Batish -- 2653 2023-11-01 11:59:29 |
2 format correct Catherine Yang Meta information modification 2653 2023-11-02 02:00:22 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Gupta, I.; Singh, R.; Muthusamy, S.; Sharma, M.; Grewal, K.; Singh, H.P.; Batish, D.R. Technological Advancements on Biopesticides. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/51042 (accessed on 19 December 2025).
Gupta I, Singh R, Muthusamy S, Sharma M, Grewal K, Singh HP, et al. Technological Advancements on Biopesticides. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/51042. Accessed December 19, 2025.
Gupta, Ipsa, Rishikesh Singh, Suganthi Muthusamy, Mansi Sharma, Kamaljit Grewal, Harminder Pal Singh, Daizy R. Batish. "Technological Advancements on Biopesticides" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/51042 (accessed December 19, 2025).
Gupta, I., Singh, R., Muthusamy, S., Sharma, M., Grewal, K., Singh, H.P., & Batish, D.R. (2023, November 01). Technological Advancements on Biopesticides. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/51042
Gupta, Ipsa, et al. "Technological Advancements on Biopesticides." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 November, 2023.
Technological Advancements on Biopesticides
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/plants12162916

Plant-based biopesticides are attracting considerable attention in this context due to their target specificity, ecofriendliness, biodegradability, and safety for humans and other life forms. Among all the relevant biopesticides, plant essential oils (PEOs) or their active components are being widely explored against weeds, pests, and microorganisms. 

agricultural sustainability botanical pesticides encapsulation nanoformulations

1. Use of Nanoformulations

Since the role of botanicals (including those based on PEOs) as biopesticides has been well-established in the literature, the commencement of a new era involves newer technologies being explored, researched, and implemented. As of late, significant progress has been made in the development of novel formulations for plant-based biopesticides. With the disappearance of conventional formulations, which included liquid formulations (e.g., emulsions and suspensions) or dry formulations (e.g., dust, powders, granules, wettable powders, and water-dispersible granules), this increases the attractiveness of substituting newer technologies with biopesticides [1][2][3]. Newer biopesticides with improved stability, shelf life, and consumer safety are highly beneficial due to their competitive advantage over conventional counterparts [3]. Beyond the above sections, which extensively describe the bioactivities of PEOs, their industrial usage is limited due to constraints such as low solubility, low bioavailability, and high volatility. Therefore, to improve PEO bioactivity and stability, many researchers have suggested the encapsulation of PEOs in chemical matrices that act as carriers and facilitate the controlled release of oils. For the development of stable emulsions, nano- and microformulations based on the encapsulation of a plant’s active components onto a matrix appear to be highly promising [4][5].
Nanosized emulsions, being kinetically stable, are superior to microsized ones due to their low volatility, long-lasting stability, and requirement of a lower surfactant concentration, unlike microemulsions. Moreover, they have negligible flocculation and allow for the controlled release of active compounds that possess bioherbicidal, biofungicidal, and bioinsecticidal properties [6][7] (Table 1). Since PEOs are insoluble in water, they require large quantities of toxic solvents for their dissolution. To overcome this problem, studies advocating the use of solvent-free methods for the nanoencapsulation of PEOs are proving to be significant milestones in research [8]. Thus far, a wide range of polymeric carriers have been developed for the encapsulation of PEOs, which offer multiple benefits, most importantly the controlled release of PEOs during storage or application [9]. Encapsulated particles or composites can be prepared through emulsification, coacervation (with gelatin or gum arabic), spray drying (with maltodextrin), complexation (with cyclodextrin), ionic gelation (with chitosan), nanoprecipitation (with poly DL-lactide-co-glycolide, i.e., PLGA), and film hydration [10]. Lopes et al. [11] reported protected release and better cytotoxicity in plant extracts encapsulated with chitosan or lipid-based carriers against Sf9 insect cell lines in comparison to commercially available pesticides. Likewise, the antifungal activity of PEO from “Palmarosa” encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers has been reported against Aspergillus nomius Kurtzman, B.W. Horn, and Hesselt in both in vitro (mycelia growth inhibition) and in situ (against precontaminated Brazil nuts) set-ups [12]. Nanoemulsions of S. hortensis PEO were herbicidal on the selected weeds and caused membrane disruption and physiological malfunction in these plants [13]. The size and stability of nanoemulsions are largely determined by the source of the plant. For instance, nanoemulsions of PEOs from Artemisia sp. remained stable even after 28 weeks of storage when a 3:1 concentration of oil and surfactant was used [14].
Table 1 provides useful insights into the research relating to the encapsulation of PEOs in different carriers along with their mechanism of action on target cells. Regarding PEO-based biopesticides, novel formulations formed by mixing the active principles of oil with other compounds are being popularized. For instance, pure “azadirachtin” alone was less effective than the one formed in a neem oil medium [15]. Additionally, the biopesticidal properties of nanoformulations made from both pure PEOs and their constituents are quite impressive [8].
Table 1. List of plant essential oil (PEO)-based nanoemulsions/nanoparticles used in formulation of biopesticides (viz., bioherbicides, bioinsecticides, and biofungicides) along with their effects on various biological targets. Abbreviations: LC50: the lethal concentration which causes the death of 50% of test animals; RC50: the effective concentration value for 50% repellency.
Source of PEO or Its Active
Component		 Encapsulation/
Emulsifying Agent		 Method(s) Used for Encapsulation Biological Target Effects Reference(s)
Bioherbicides          
Satureja hortensis L. Carbohydrate and protein natural polymers (gum arabic /gelatin, apple pectin, and gelatin) and cross-linkers (citric acid and transglutaminase enzyme) Complex coacervation Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Solanum lycopersicum L. (a) Inhibition in germination and growth of A. retroflexus
(b) Inhibition was comparable to chemical herbicide (Metribuzin)		 [16]
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Tween 80 Ultrasonic emulsification Phalaris minor Retz., Avena ludoviciana Durieu, Rumex dentatus L., and Medicago denticulata Willd (a) Stability of nanoemulsions persistent after 30 days of storage
(b) Inhibition of target weeds at as low as 0.05 wt.% dose of nanoemulsion
(c) Individual components of PEO showed weed growth at high doses		 [17]
Carum carvi L. and
Mentha piperita L.		 Commercial multifunctional adjuvant ATPOLAN BIO 80 EC Emulsification Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (a) Foliar injuries were reported and photosynthetic efficiency was reduced in weed plant at 2.5% adjuvant dose
(b) Crop plant was unaffected		 [18]
Bioinsecticides          
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle Tween 80 Emulsification Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (a) Nanoemulsions displayed greater adult mortality than pure oil in both male and female adults
(b) LC50 value of nanoemulsions was significantly less than that of pure oil depicting 50% mortality at lower concentrations of nanoemulsions		 [19]
Pimpinella anisum L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., and Mentha piperita L. Tween 80 Self-emulsification Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (a) No residual toxicity reported
(b) All nanoformulations were capable of reducing oviposition punctures
(c) P. anisum displayed the highest percentage of repellent activity followed by F. vulgare and M. piperita		 [20]
Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Mentha piperita L. Lipid: Softisan
Surfactants: Kolliphor RH40 and Labrafil		 Phase inversion temperature (PIT) method Aphis gossypii (synonym of Aphis forbesi weed),
Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval,
and Tuta absoluta Meyrick		 (a) Bioassay confirmed high mortality in A. gossypii treated with oil-loaded lipid carriers
(b) Reduction in progeny was observed.
With no mortality observed, the feeding activity of S. littoralis was reduced with
L. angustifolia and R. officinalis carriers
(c) No effect was observed on T. absoluta		 [21]
Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Mentha piperita L., and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck 5% Tween Spontaneous emulsification Rhyzopetha dominica Fabricius (a) All the PEOs displayed repellent activity against the tested storage pest. F. vulgare oil displayed the least activity
(b) Insects recovered after 24 h of treatment and habituation was validated		 [4]
Baccharis reticularia DC. and oil components (limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene) Nonionic surfactant (mixture of sorbitan monooleate, polysorbate 80, and/or polysorbate 20) Low-energy titration Tribolium castaneum Herbst (a) Both the PEO and its components displayed good repellent activity at 8.8 μg cm−2 [8]
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Silica (SiO2) Sol–gel microencapsulation Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval and
Aphis gossypii (synonym of Aphis forbesi Weed)		 (a) Insecticidal activity against cotton leafworm (S. littoralis)
(b) Reduction in the fertility and number of A. gossypii offsprings		 [22]
Pimpinella anisum L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Foenicum vulgare Mill., Allium sativum L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Mentha piperita L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Salvia officinalis Pall. 5% Tween 80 Spontaneous emulsification Tribolium confusum Duval (a) All PEOs displayed repellent activity against the tested storage pest
(b) With a RC50 value of 0.033 mg, the PEO of P. anisum exhibited maximum repellent activity		 [23]
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Polysorbate 80 High-energy emulsification Musca domestica L. and Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann (a) No adulticidal activity with E. globulus oil
(b) Free C. citratus oil displayed better adulticial activity as compared to nanoemulsion; however, the use of nanoemulsion is suitable as it prevents the volatilization and degradation of oil
(c) The concentration of nanoemulsion, time of treatment exposure, and encapsulation method play significant roles in mediating adulticidal activity		 [24]
Lippia multiflora Mold. 89.75% Hydrolate and 0.25% Chitosan Low-energy emulsification Plutella xylostella L.,
Brevicoryne brassicae L.,
Hellula undalis Fabricius, Spodoptera exigua Hubner,
and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius		 (a) PEO nanoemulsions were tested against synthetic pesticide, i.e., Karate 5 EC (Lambda cyhalothrin 52 gL−1) in two regions of Ivory Coast
(b) Treatment with nanoemulsion reduced the damage of cabbage head as compared to synthetic pesticide, thereby signifying better protection against selected insects		 [25]
Biofungicides          
Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson Lipids (cocoa butter and sesame oil) Melt emulsification method Aspergillus nomius Kurtzman, B.W.Horn and Hesselt. (a) 100% inhibition of A. nomius was displayed by nanostructured lipid carriers [12]
d-Limonene Emulsifiers Phase transition composition emulsification Pyricularia oryzae Cavara,
Rhizoctonia solani J.G.Kühn,
Colletortrichum gloeosporiodes
(Penz.) Penz. and Sacc., and
Phomopsis amygdali (Delacr.) J.J.Tuset and M.T.Portilla.		 (a) Stability of nanoemulsions was tested and found to increase with an increase in dose of emulsifier
(b) Emulsifier (EL40) displayed the highest stability
© Inhibition of growth of tested fungal pathogens was reported		 [26]
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl,
Thymus vulgaris L., and Melaleuca alternifolia
(Maiden and Betche) Cheel		 Crodamol GTCC and polysorbate 80 Phase inversion composition method (PIC) and ultrasonication Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G.Sm.) Sacc., Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert and Cohn) J.Schröt.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes (C.P.Robin) Sabour.,
Microsporum gypseum (E.Bodin) Guiart and Grigoraki,
Aspergillus niger Tiegh.,
and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (Sacc.) Brainier		 (a) Fungicidal activities of pure oil, macroemulsions (PIC-based), and nanoemulsions (ultrasonication-based) were reported
(b) Nanoemulsions prepared using high-energy ultrasonication showed better fungicidal activities
(c) Among the different PEOs studied, M. alternifolia oil displayed the best activity		 [27]

2. Use of Bioinformatics

Studies on the importance of using PEOs as biopesticides are now moving at a rapid pace thanks to advances in bioinformatics. Bioinformatics tools can map the interactions of PEOs or their active constituents with their biological targets and treat multifactorial diseases, indicating the wide applications of this field in pharmacology [28]. Lately, by using different computational tools or in silico methodologies, many researchers have made significant contributions to this field. For example, Loza-Mejía et al. [29] conducted an in silico study involving docking-based virtual screening to determine the insecticidal potential of active compounds from the genus Calceolaria against insect target proteins. Likewise, the interaction of a principal compound from the wood extracts of Tabebuia heptaphylla with the target, i.e., ILE125 amino acid from A. aegypti odorant binding protein (AaegOBP1 receptor), confirmed the repellent activity of the extracts against A. aegypti [30]. The ability of active compounds from “Negramina” PEO to kill aphids was validated through their interaction with the insect transient receptor potential (TRP) channels [31], whereas the therapeutic potential of peppermint (M. piperita) against grey mold (B. cinerea) was confirmed by docking studies [32]. In another docking study, the role of insect tyramine receptors in mediating the responses of PEOs against insects was described [33]. Contrary to these studies, Sierra et al. [34] reported the detoxification response of mosquitoes against PEO constituents by molecular docking. The detoxification of a toxic xenobiotic component, p-cymene, by chemosensory proteins (CSP) present in A. aegypti larvae confirmed the role of CSPs in hampering the natural larvicidal activity of E. camaldulensis PEO [35]. Thus, the emergence of in silico studies constitutes perhaps the most significant research on biopesticides because they require fewer resources to hypothesize future physiological research and give researchers the option of conducting multiple trials to determine the appropriate interactions.

3. Transcriptomic Profiling to Elucidate PEOs’ Insecticidal Efficacy

Insect transcriptome profiling has become one of the most utilized approaches in recent years for examining the molecular basis of the insecticidal activity of numerous PEOs [35][36]. Several molecular targets of interest for plant pathologies have been discovered through expression studies using RNA sequencing. This novel technology has completely revolutionized transcriptome analysis, allowing the quantification of gene expression and the identification of new genes at an unprecedented pace.
A comparative transcriptome analysis of Sitophilus zeamais (Mochul’skii) in response to the PEO of Melaleuca linariifolia var. alternifolia Maiden and Betche revealed that 3562 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involved in insecticide detoxification and mitochondrial function. Of these DEGs, 2836 genes were up-regulated, whereas 726 genes were down-regulated [35]. The mapping of DEGs identified an increase in the expression of several genes, including cytochrome P450s (CYP450), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), carboxylesterases, ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters), and those associated with respiration and metabolism of xenobiotics [35]. However, PEO treatment reduced the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in respiration, electron flow, and energy synthesis in the mitochondria. Another study by Liao et al. [37] reported that fumigation with the PEO of M. alternifolia induced the expression of 2208 DEGs, and the NAD+/NADH (nicotinamide dehydrogenase) enzyme was identified as the prime target of action for oil in insects. The oil resulted in abnormal structural changes and severe damage to the insect mitochondria and directly blocked electron transport through the mitochondrial respiratory pathway, ultimately leading to insect death. Similarly, the effect of M. alternifolia PEO on the morphology and ultrastructure of mitochondria in B. cinerea has been reported to cause mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing the activities of important mitochondrial enzymes and those involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle [38]. The fumigation of terpinen-4-ol (a component of M. alternifolia PEO) in S. zeamais induced the up- or down-regulation of roughly 592 DEGs in insect RNA [39]. Here, several DEGs encoding detoxification enzymes were identified, including 16 CYP450s, 14 esterases (ESTs), 10 UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), 8 GSTs, and 2 ABC transporter genes. Of particular interest was the consistent overexpression of the genes encoding P450s, GSTs, and ESTs after terpinen-4-ol exposure, which sheds light on the crucial role of these genes in the systemic metabolic responses of insects [39].
Muturi et al. [40] assessed the larvicidal activity of PEO from Commiphora erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engl. and its fractions against three mosquito species, namely, Culex restuans Theobald, C. pipiens L., and A. aegypti. Real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis revealed that the expression of CYP450s (CYP6M11 and CYP6N12) and a GST gene (GST-2) involved in xenobiotic detoxification by mosquito larvae was significantly up-regulated by PEO treatment. The GST enzyme is also a potential molecular target of PEO from Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf in Asian long-horned ticks, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, which induces the enzyme at a significantly higher rate following exposure to sublethal concentrations of the oil [41]. However, there is a paucity of information on the molecular mechanism underlying GST enzyme action, which, if available, may open new avenues for the development of effective pest management techniques for ticks and tick-borne diseases [41]. More recently, with the advent of RNA-Seq as the technology of choice for gene expression analysis, a set of genes associated with adrenergic signaling/Ca2+ channels, apoptosis, focal adhesion, cGMP-PKG (cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase G) signaling, ECM (extracellular matrix)–receptor interaction, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, and the longevity regulating pathway were identified in ticks exposed to C. citratus PEO and its constituent, citronellal [42]. Up-regulation of most of the genes involved in Ca2+ signaling (CACNAID, ADCY9, TPM1, and MYH6) and apoptosis (CYC, DRONC, CASP7, CASP9, BCL2L1, and BCL-xL) by PEO treatment was found to induce neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity in insects. Further, the toxicity of oil on insects was expected to be a product of complex factors, including oxidative stress due to increased ROS accumulation, reduced ATP levels, mitochondrial depolarization, increased intramitochondrial free Ca2+, and either necrotic or apoptotic death induction in ticks [42]. The activation of CYP450 genes by several terpenoids found in PEOs has also been predicted by RNA-Seq [35][43].
Two potentially relevant genes are cathepsin and lipase, both of which play significant roles in larval development and reproduction. The importance of these genes is evident in a study by Hegedus et al. [44], which reported that the down-regulation of CatB/CatB-like and CatL/CatL-precursor in crucifer root maggot (Delia radicum L.) and RNAi-mediated silencing of CatL-precursor in red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) negatively affected mid-gut metamorphosis, tissue remolding, and larval fat body decomposition in the former, while causing 100% mortality in the latter. Further, through a complete transcriptome analysis of T. castaneum, Gao et al. [36] reported that the PEO of Artemisia vulgaris L. exerted its insecticidal activity by increasing the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, copper-zinc-superoxide dismutases, heme-peroxidases, and various transcription factors in beetles. From these studies, many gene-specific responses pertaining to PEO treatment have been highlighted in insect species. But, to discover novel, efficient, and environmentally friendly alternatives for controlling insect pests, researchers in the future will have to focus on more transcriptomic studies to investigate the molecular targets of various PEOs in insects.

References

  1. Knowles, A. New Developments in Crop Protection Product Formulation; T&F Informa UK Ltd.: London, UK, 2005.
  2. Gašić, S.; Tanović, B. Biopesticide formulations, possibility of application and future trends. Pestic. Fitomed. 2013, 28, 97–102.
  3. Kala, S.; Sogan, N.; Agarwal, A.; Naik, S.; Patanjali, P.; Kumar, J. Biopesticides: Formulations and delivery techniques. In Natural Remedies for Pest Disease and Weed Control; Egbuna, C., Sawicka, B., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; pp. 209–220.
  4. Giunti, G.; Campolo, O.; Laudani, F.; Zappalà, L.; Palmeri, V. Bioactivity of essential oil-based nano-biopesticides toward Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Ind. Crops Prod. 2021, 162, 113257.
  5. Campolo, O.; Giunti, G.; Russo, A.; Palmeri, V.; Zappalà, L. Essential oils in stored product insect pest control. J. Food Qual. 2018, 2018, 6906105.
  6. Giunti, G.; Palermo, D.; Laudani, F.; Algeri, G.M.; Campolo, O.; Palmeri, V. Repellence and acute toxicity of a nano-emulsion of sweet orange essential oil toward two major stored grain insect pests. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 142, 111869.
  7. Pavoni, L.; Perinelli, D.R.; Bonacucina, G.; Cespi, M.; Palmieri, G.F. An overview of micro-and nanoemulsions as vehicles for essential oils: Formulation, preparation and stability. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 135.
  8. Lima, L.A.; Ferreira-Sa, P.S.; Garcia, M.D., Jr.; Pereira, V.L.P.; Carvalho, J.C.T.; Rocha, L.; Fernandes, C.P.; Souto, R.N.P.; Araujo, R.S.; Botas, G.; et al. Nano-emulsions of the essential oil of Baccharis reticularia and its constituents as eco-friendly repellents against Tribolium castaneum. Ind. Crops Prod. 2021, 162, 113282.
  9. Chiriac, A.P.; Rusu, A.G.; Nita, L.E.; Chiriac, V.M.; Neamtu, I.; Sandu, A. Polymeric carriers designed for encapsulation of essential oils with biological activity. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 631.
  10. Maes, C.; Bouquillon, S.; Fauconnier, M.L. Encapsulation of essential oils for the development of biosourced pesticides with controlled release: A review. Molecules 2019, 24, 2539.
  11. Lopes, A.I.; Monteiro, M.; Araújo, A.R.; Rodrigues, A.R.O.; Castanheira, E.; Pereira, D.M.; Olim, P.; Fortes, A.G.; Gonçalves, M.S.T. Cytotoxic plant extracts towards insect cells: Bioactivity and nanoencapsulation studies for application as biopesticides. Molecules 2020, 25, 5855.
  12. Uchida, D.T.; Siqueira, G.F.; Dos Reis, E.M.; Hegeto, F.L.; Medina Neto, A.; Reis, A.V.; Bruschi, M.L.; Villa Nova, M.; Machinski Júnior, M. Design of nanostructured lipid carriers containing Cymbopogon martinii (Palmarosa) essential oil against Aspergillus nomius. Molecules 2021, 26, 4825.
  13. Hazrati, H.; Saharkhiz, M.J.; Niakousari, M.; Moein, M. Natural herbicide activity of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil nanoemulsion on the seed germination and morphophysiological features of two important weed species. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2017, 142, 423–430.
  14. Campolo, O.; Giunti, G.; Laigle, M.; Michel, T.; Palmeri, V. Essential oil-based nano-emulsions: Effect of different surfactants, sonication and plant species on physicochemical characteristics. Ind. Crops Prod. 2020, 157, 112935.
  15. Sundari, S.; Singh, A.; Yadava, P. Review of current research advances in microbial and phyto-biopesticides. Int. J. Biotech. Biomed. Sci. 2016, 2, 73–77.
  16. Taban, A.; Saharkhiz, M.J.; Naderi, R. A natural post-emergence herbicide based on essential oil encapsulation by cross-linked biopolymers: Characterization and herbicidal activity. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2020, 27, 45844–45858.
  17. Kaur, P.; Gupta, S.; Kaur, K.; Kaur, N.; Kumar, R.; Bhullar, M.S. Nanoemulsion of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil: A propitious striver against weeds of Triticum aestivum. Ind. Crops Prod. 2021, 168, 113601.
  18. Synowiec, A.; Możdżeń, K.; Krajewska, A.; Landi, M.; Araniti, F. Carum carvi L. essential oil: A promising candidate for botanical herbicide against Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. in maize cultivation. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 140, 111652.
  19. Gharsan, F.N.; Kamel, W.M.; Alghamdi, T.S.; Alghamdi, A.A.; Althagafi, A.O.; Aljassim, F.J.; Al-Ghamdi, S.N. Toxicity of citronella essential oil and its nanoemulsion against the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Ind. Crops Prod. 2022, 184, 115024.
  20. Giunti, G.; Laudani, F.; Lo Presti, E.; Bacchi, M.; Palmeri, V.; Campolo, O. Contact toxicity and ovideterrent activity of three essential oil-based nano-emulsions against the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 240.
  21. Tortorici, S.; Cimino, C.; Ricupero, M.; Musumeci, T.; Biondi, A.; Siscaro, G.; Carbone, C.; Zappalà, L. Nanostructured lipid carriers of essential oils as potential tools for the sustainable control of insect pests. Ind. Crops Prod. 2022, 181, 114766.
  22. Sciortino, M.; Scurria, A.; Lino, C.; Pagliaro, M.; D’Agostino, F.; Tortorici, S.; Ricupero, M.; Biondi, A.; Zappala, L.; Ciriminna, R. Silica-microencapsulated orange oil for sustainable pest control. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 2021, 5, 2000280.
  23. Palermo, D.; Giunti, G.; Laudani, F.; Palmeri, V.; Campolo, O. Essential oil-based nano-biopesticides: Formulation and bioactivity against the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9746.
  24. Velho, M.C.; Cossetin, L.F.; Godoi, S.N.D.; Santos, R.C.V.; Gündel, A.; Monteiro, S.G.; Ourique, A.F. Nanobiopesticides: Development and inseticidal activity of nanoemulsions containing lemongrass or eucalyptus oils. Nat Prod Res 2021, 35, 6210–6215.
  25. Tia, V.E.; Gueu, S.; Cissé, M.; Tuo, Y.; Gnago, A.J.; Konan, E. Bio-insecticidal effects of essential oil nano-emulsion of Lippia multiflora Mold. on major cabbage pests. J. Plant Prot. Res. 2021, 61, 103–109.
  26. Feng, J.; Wang, R.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, S.; Yuan, S.; Cao, H.; Jafari, S.M.; Yang, W. Formulation optimization of D-limonene-loaded nanoemulsions as a natural and efficient biopesticide. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. 2020, 596, 124746.
  27. Miastkowska, M.; Michalczyk, A.; Figacz, K.; Sikora, E. Nanoformulations as a modern form of biofungicide. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 2020, 18, 119–128.
  28. Guo, S.; Wu, J.; Zhou, W.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J.; Jia, S.; Meng, Z.; Liu, S.; Lin, R.; Liu, Y. Investigating the multi-target pharmacological mechanism of danhong injection acting on unstable angina by combined network pharmacology and molecular docking. BMC Compl. Med. Ther. 2020, 20, 66.
  29. Loza-Mejía, M.A.; Salazar, J.R.; Sánchez-Tejeda, J.F. In silico studies on compounds derived from calceolaria: Phenylethanoid glycosides as potential multitarget inhibitors for the development of pesticides. Biomolecules 2018, 8, 121.
  30. Borges, J.C.; Haddi, K.; Oliveira, E.E.; Andrade, B.S.; Nascimento, V.L.; Melo, T.S.; Didonet, J.; Carvalho, J.C.; Cangussu, A.S.; Soares, I.M. Mosquiticidal and repellent potential of formulations containing wood residue extracts of a Neotropical plant, Tabebuia heptaphylla. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 129, 424–433.
  31. Toledo, P.F.; Ferreira, T.P.; Bastos, I.M.; Rezende, S.M.; Jumbo, L.O.V.; Didonet, J.; Andrade, B.S.; Melo, T.S.; Smagghe, G.; Oliveira, E.E. Essential oil from Negramina (Siparuna guianensis) plants controls aphids without impairing survival and predatory abilities of non-target ladybeetles. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 255, 113153.
  32. Gouda, G.; Bhadra, P. In silico analysis of the peppermint as potential biopesticide. Int. J. Multidiscip. Educ. Res. 2020, 9, 69–78.
  33. Ocampo, A.B.; Mac Kevin, E.B.; Nellas, R.B. The interaction and mechanism of monoterpenes with tyramine receptor (SoTyrR) of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). SN Appl. Sci. 2020, 2, 1592.
  34. Sierra, I.; Latorre-Estivalis, J.M.; Traverso, L.; Gonzalez, P.V.; Aptekmann, A.; Nadra, A.D.; Masuh, H.; Ons, S. Transcriptomic analysis and molecular docking reveal genes involved in the response of Aedes aegypti larvae to an essential oil extracted from Eucalyptus. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2021, 15, e0009587.
  35. Liao, M.; Xiao, J.J.; Zhou, L.J. Insecticidal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and RNA-Seq analysis of Sitophilus zeamais transcriptome in response to oil fumigation. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0167748.
  36. Gao, S.; Zhang, K.; Wei, L.; Wei, G.; Xiong, W.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, A.; Li, B. Insecticidal activity of Artemisia vulgaris essential oil and transcriptome analysis of Tribolium castaneum in response to oil exposure. Front. Gen. 2020, 11, 589.
  37. Liao, M.; Yang, Q.Q.; Xiao, J.J.; Huang, Y.; Zhou, L.J.; Hua, R.M.; Cao, H.Q. Toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil to the mitochondrion and NAD+/NADH dehydrogenase in Tribolium confusum. Peer J. 2018, 6, e5693.
  38. Li, Y.; Shao, X.; Xu, J.; Wei, Y.; Xu, F.; Wang, H. Tea tree oil exhibits antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea by affecting mitochondria. Food Chem. 2017, 234, 62–67.
  39. Huang, Y.; Liao, M.; Yang, Q.; Shi, S.; Xiao, J.; Cao, H. Knockdown of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and CYP6MS1 increases the susceptibility of Sitophilus zeamais to terpinen-4-ol. Pest Biochem. Physiol. 2020, 162, 15–22.
  40. Muturi, E.J.; Hay, W.T.; Doll, K.M.; Ramirez, J.L.; Selling, G. Insecticidal activity of Commiphora erythraea essential oil and its emulsions against larvae of three mosquito species. J. Med. Entomol. 2020, 13, 1835–1842.
  41. Agwunobi, D.O.; Pei, T.; Yang, J.; Wang, X.; Lv, L.; Shen, R.; Yu, Z.; Liu, J. Expression profiles of glutathione S-transferases genes in semi-engorged Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) exposed to Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 2020, 25, 918–930.
  42. Agwunobi, D.O.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, X.; Wang, T.; Yu, Z.; Liu, J. Transcriptome profile of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) exposed to Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and citronellal suggest a cytotoxic mode of action involving mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and depolarization. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2021, 179, 104971.
  43. Huang, Y.; Liao, M.; Yang, Q.; Xiao, J.; Hu, Z.; Zhou, L.; Cao, H. Transcriptome profiling reveals differential gene expression of detoxification enzymes in Sitophilus zeamais responding to terpinen-4-ol fumigation. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2018, 149, 44–53.
  44. Hegedus, D.; O’grady, M.; Chamankhah, M.; Baldwin, D.; Gleddie, S.; Braun, L.; Erlandson, M. Changes in cysteine protease activity and localization during midgut metamorphosis in the crucifer root maggot (Delia radicum). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2002, 32, 1585–1596.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Plant Sciences
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Ipsa Gupta , Rishikesh Singh ,
Suganthi Muthusamy
, Mansi Sharma ,
Kamaljit Grewal
, Harminder Pal Singh , Daizy R. Batish
View Times: 843
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 02 Nov 2023
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback