Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Xue Zhang
 -- 1571 2023-10-30 10:31:57 |
2 only format change
Alfred Zheng
 Meta information modification 1571 2023-10-31 02:42:20 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Zhang, X.; Lu, Y.; Wang, J.; Yuan, D.; Huang, X. Quantifying Road Transport Resilience to Emergencies. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50925 (accessed on 12 May 2024).
Zhang X, Lu Y, Wang J, Yuan D, Huang X. Quantifying Road Transport Resilience to Emergencies. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50925. Accessed May 12, 2024.
Zhang, Xue, Yi Lu, Jie Wang, Donghui Yuan, Xianwen Huang. "Quantifying Road Transport Resilience to Emergencies" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50925 (accessed May 12, 2024).
Zhang, X., Lu, Y., Wang, J., Yuan, D., & Huang, X. (2023, October 30). Quantifying Road Transport Resilience to Emergencies. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50925
Zhang, Xue, et al. "Quantifying Road Transport Resilience to Emergencies." Encyclopedia. Web. 30 October, 2023.
Quantifying Road Transport Resilience to Emergencies
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su152014956

The resilience of road passenger and freight transport differs in the face of external disturbance. Freight transport resilience is better than that of passenger transport. Compared to passenger transport, freight transport is more robust; the impacted speed is slower, the recovery speed is faster, the recovery capacity is stronger, and the affected period is shorter. There is regional heterogeneity in road transport resilience. This heterogeneity is reflected in the whole change process of system performance with external disturbance, including absorption capacity, adaptation capacity, and recovery capacity. The resilience of road transport under different waves of the epidemic is different. Compared to the first wave of the epidemic, the resilience of road transport indicators at all stages has been dramatically improved in the later rebound wave of the epidemic. This can help in the development of evidence-based road transport sustainability strategies.

road transport resilience traffic

1. Introduction

As an essential channel for transporting goods and passengers between modern cities, road transportation plays a vital role in the national transportation system, profoundly affecting the logistics, tourism, and transportation industries. Under the impact of emergencies, the road transport industry is under tremendous pressure. Giving full play to its supporting role, the development of the industry is also significantly affected. For example, the sudden outbreak of SARS in November 2002 had a significant impact on road transport and varying degrees of impact on the industry afterward. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus in December 2019 has severely affected China’s social economy. At the same time, the road transport industry has also been impacted severely and under tremendous pressure. A large number of studies have explored the impact of emergencies on road transportation, including the effects of natural disasters such as floods [1] on road transportation, and the effect on road transport of accidents and disasters [2], public health events [3], and social security incidents [4]. Among the above emergencies, the public health event represented by the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on society, with a widespread area (global event), a significant impact on society (work and school suspension, etc.), and a longer impact time (from the beginning of 2020 to now), which has far-reaching significance.
Unlike an endemic disease (a regional disease that arises under particular circumstances) or an epidemic (an infectious disease that can infect a large number of people, and which can occur only in one region, or it can be a global pandemic), COVID-19 is a pandemic disease (affecting a wide range of areas and crossing provincial, national, and even continental boundaries). Transmission is characterized by outbreaks (the sudden appearance of many patients with similar clinical symptoms within a short time in a population in a local area or collective unit). It has the characteristics of time concentration and space aggregation. The COVID-19 pandemic has boosted many studies to understand the interplay between road transport and pandemics [5][6][7]. Most findings show that the pandemic and road closure have harmed road transport [8][9]. However, a few studies have found that the COVID-19 pandemic has positively impacted the road freight turnover rate, becoming more pronounced as the number of confirmed cases increases [10].
Meanwhile, some studies have found that the impact of COVID-19 on road freight has regional heterogeneity [11][12]. However, the existing studies have mainly focused on the external effect of the pandemic on road transport, such as transport demand [13][14], transport capability [15][16], operating transport cost [17], transport performance [18], carbon emission [19][20][21], and the ability of road transport system to resist this impact and maintain its typical performance, which people define as road transport resilience [22][23], is still unclear. As a part of sustainability, resilience is a sub-objective of sustainability [24], representing the changes in road transport sustainability under external influences. Sustainability focuses on long-term changes, while resilience focuses on short-term changes, and the stronger the resilience, the stronger the sustainability. In the face of the changing external environment, quantifying the resilience of road transportation and analyzing its response to this impact from the system’s perspective, as well as its adaptability and recovery ability, are crucial for the sustainable development of road transportation.

2. Quantifying Road Transport Resilience to Emergencies

The word “resilience” is derived from the Latin word “resilio”, meaning “return to the original state” [25], and is usually used to describe the ability of an object or system to return to its original normal state after being affected by a destructive event. The concept of resilience was first applied to physics, which refers to the resilience of a system after external disturbances. In the 1970s, the resilience theory was first applied to the field of systems ecology by Holling [26], a Canadian ecologist. Since then, the discussion of resilience in specific fields has ranged from ecosystems to economic and environmental systems to transportation systems. The resilience of the transport system is related to the shelter and emergency response ability of a city against disasters. As a guarantee for the safety and good operation of a city during disasters, transport resilience has become the focus of researchers of resilient cities. Its general definition can be described as the ability of a transport system to resist the effects of disruptive shocks and maintain its normal functioning [22][23][27][28]. Disruptive shocks here include natural disasters such as earthquakes or heavy rains, accident disasters such as safety incidents, public health events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and other events that could disrupt the normal functioning of transport systems. Among them, the absorption and recovery ability of the transport system from natural disasters and accidents has been extensively studied [29][30][31], but there is less research on public health events, especially large-scale or even global ones, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a large number of studies to understand the impact of COVID-19 on transportation. The existing research has focused on tracking the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on people’s mobility, road, aviation, public transport, cruise ships, and other transportation. People’s mobility and travel modes have been a widely addressed [32][33] because they directly affect transportation. Overall, the impact of COVID-19 on transportation is significant [34][35] and negative [36][37][38], which is agreed generally. Meanwhile, the existing research has also observed that (1) the impact of the pandemic on transport varies by region [39][40]; (2) external intervention in the prevention and control of the pandemic can produce positive temporal and spatial effects [3][6][41]. Among the studies on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on transport, the studies in the field of road transport are few, and the studies that have quantified the resilience of road transport to the COVID-19 pandemic are even fewer. The existing research has mostly analyzed the impact of the pandemic on road transport from the perspective of the external system, such as the impact of prevention and control measures on road transport during the pandemic [3][42]. Less attention has been paid to changes in the resilience of road transport systems themselves under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, most of the research has been qualitative [43], while there has been less quantitative research.
On the other hand, as a guarantee for the safety and operation of the system in response to disasters/disturbances, transportation system resilience is becoming the focus of research. Resilience evaluation is mainly carried out in three stages: a conceptual framework [44], a semi-quantitative index system [45][46], and a quantitative assessment [47]. The existing works can be divided into two categories. The first category measures system resilience by comparing the difference in the functional state of the system before and after a disaster. For example, TANG et al. [48] built a timeline according to a scenario, designed the evolution process of system safety resilience of the whole process before, during, and after the disaster, and measured the safety resilience of urban road traffic systems during waterlogging disasters through system performance changes after and before the disaster. However, this assessment method is qualitative. The key indicators to measure the system’s resilience are obtained by estimation, and the results are not necessarily accurate. In addition, the dynamic change process of system resilience with disaster/disturbance cannot be reflected. In terms of specific quantification methods of system resilience, there are mainly resilience measures of transportation systems based on resilience characteristics [30][46], and resilience measures of transportation systems based on optimal models [49][50]. However, most existing methods of quantifying resilience cannot cover all stages or include all resilience capabilities, such as the absorption capacity to resist disturbances, the recovery capability, etc. Furthermore, some quantitative evaluation methods are not consistent with the concept of resilience, such as considering only the performance loss and recovery of the system, but ignoring the robustness [51]. To overcome this problem, the second category analyzes and quantifies the capabilities that help characterize a system’s resilience, such as its absorption capacity, adaptive capacity, recovery capability, etc., and these capabilities are comprehensively measured to quantify the system’s resilience [52][53]. This is a comprehensive approach to dynamically analyzing system resilience while incorporating different performance measures and characterizing resilience as a system property. For example, Guo et al. [54] used performance-based methods to analyze the airport’s strain capacity and resilience during global public health events and integrated some metrics such as aircraft movements, passenger throughput, and freight throughput in the resilience metrics model to analyze and compare the resilience evaluation under different scenarios. The results show that the resilience index can well reflect the recovery of airports under different scenarios. To take into account the dynamic evolution of the system, time-based indexes [51][55] and evaluation frameworks are often used to measure the resilience of the system.

References

  1. Borowska-Stefanka, M.; Kowalski, M.; Wisniewski, S. The Impact of Self-Evacuation from Flood Hazard Areas on the Equilibrium of the Road Transport. Saf. Sci. 2023, 157, 105934.
  2. Zhang, X.; Lu, Y.; Huang, X.W.; Zhou, A.Z. Research on the Effective Reduction of Accidents on Operating Vehicles with Fsqca Method-Case Studies. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12737.
  3. Gonzalez, J.N.; Camarero-Orive, A.; Gonzalez-Cancelas, N. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Road Freight Transportation—A Colombian Case Study. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag. 2022, 43, 100802.
  4. Li, Z.; Huang, Z.; Wang, J. Association of Illegal Motorcyclist Behaviors and Injury Severity in Urban Motorcycle Crashes. Sustainability 2022, 14, 13923.
  5. Olayode, I.O.; Severino, A.G.; Campisi, T. Comprehensive Literature Review on the Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Road Transportation System: Challenges and Solutions. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9586.
  6. Okeke, D.C.; Obasi, O.; Nwachukwu, M.U. Analysis of Road Transport Response to COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria and Its Policy Implications. Transp. Res. Rec. 2022, 2677, 851–864.
  7. Karam, A.; Eltoukhy, A.E.E.; Shaban, I.A. A Review of COVID-19-Related Literature on Freight Transport: Impacts, Mitigation Strategies, Recovery Measures, and Future Research Directions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12287.
  8. Goenaga, B.; Matini, N.; Karanam, D. Disruption and Recovery: Initial Assessment of COVID-19 Traffic Impacts in North Carolina and Virginia. J. Transp. Eng. A Syst. 2021, 147, 06021001.
  9. Cruz, C.O.; Sarmento, J.M. The impact of COVID-19 on highway traffic and management: The case study of an operator perspective. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5320.
  10. Ho, S.J.; Xing, W.; Wu, W. The Impact of COVID-19 on Freight Transport: Evidence from China. MethodsX 2021, 8, 101200.
  11. Cui, Z.; Fu, X.; Wang, J. How Does COVID-19 Pandemic Impact Cities’ Logistics Performance? An Evidence from China’s Highway Freight Transport. Transp. Policy 2022, 120, 11–22.
  12. Zhang, J.; Zhao, S.; Peng, C. Spatial Heterogeneity of the Recovery of Road Traffic Volume from the Impact of COVID-19: Evidence from China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14297.
  13. Yang, S.; Ning, L.; Jiang, T.; He, Y. Dynamic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the regional express logistics: Evidence from China. Transp. Policy 2021, 111, 111–124.
  14. Wang, Z.Z.; Zhang, J.Z.; Huang, H.W. Interpreting random fields through the U-Net architecture for failure mechanism and deformation predictions of geosystems. Geosci. Front. 2023, 101720.
  15. Bartle, J.R.; Lutte, R.K.; Leuenberger, D.Z. Sustainability and air freight transportation: Lessons from the global pandemic. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3738.
  16. Hill, S.; Hutton, N.S.; Whytlaw, J.L.; Yusuf, J.-E.; Behr, J.G.; Landaeta, E.; Diaz, R. Changing Logistics of Evacuation Trans-Portation in Hazardous Settings during COVID-19. Nat. Hazards Rev. 2021, 22, 04021029.
  17. Borca, B.; Putz, L.M.; Hofbauer, F. Crises and Their Effects on Freight Transport Modes: A Literature Review and Research Framework. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5740.
  18. Özden, A.T.; Celik, E. Analyzing the service quality priorities in cargo transportation before and during the COVID-19 outbreak. Transp. Policy 2021, 108, 34–46.
  19. Arellana, J.; Márquez, L.; Cantillo, V. COVID-19 Outbreak in Colombia: An Analysis of Its Impacts on Transport Systems. J. Adv. Transp. 2020, 2020, 8867316.
  20. Nižeti’c, S. Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on air transport mobility, energy, and environment: A case study. Int. J. Energy Res. 2020, 44, 10953–10961.
  21. Han, P.; Cai, Q.; Oda, T.; Zeng, N.; Shan, Y.; Lin, X.; Liu, D. Assessing the recent impact of COVID-19 on carbon emissions from China using domestic economic data. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 750, 141688.
  22. Ip, W.H.; Wang, D. Resilience and friability of transportation networks: Evaluation, analysis and optimization. IEEE Syst. J. 2011, 5, 189–198.
  23. Zhou, Y.M.; Wang, J.W.; Yang, H. Resilience of transportation systems: Concepts and comprehensive review. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. 2019, 4, 1–15.
  24. Anderies, J.M.; Folke, C.; Walker, B.; Ostrom, E. Aligning Key Concepts for Global Change Policy: Robustness, Resilience, and Sustainability. Ecol. Soc. 2013, 18, 8.
  25. Klein, R.J.T.; Nicholls, R.J.; Thomalla, F. Resilience to Natural Hazards: How Useful Is This Concept? Environ. Hazards 2003, 1, 35–45.
  26. Holling, C.S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1973, 4, 1–23.
  27. Adams, T.M.; Bekkem, K.R.; Toledo-Durán, E.J. Freight Resilience Measures. J. Transp. Eng. 2012, 138, 1403–1409.
  28. Murray-tuite, P.M. A comparison of transportation network resilience under simulated system optimum and user equilibrium conditions. In Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, Monterey, CA, USA, 3–6 December 2006; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2006.
  29. Battelle. Evaluation of the System’s Available Redundancy to Compensate for Loss of Transportation Assets Resulting from Natural Disasters or Terrorist Attacks; National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission: Washington, DC, USA, 2007.
  30. Cox, A.; Prager, F.; Rose, A. Transportation security and the role of resilience: A foundation for operational metrics. Transp. Policy 2011, 18, 307–317.
  31. Mattsson, L.G.; Jenelius, E. Vulnerability and resilience of transport systems: A discussion of recent research. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2015, 81, 16–34.
  32. Tarasi, D.; Daras, T.; Tournaki, S. Transportation in the Mediterranean during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Glob. Transit. 2021, 3, 55–71.
  33. De Haas, M.; Faber, R.; Hamersma, M. How COVID-19 and the Dutch ‘intelligent lockdown’ change activities, work, and travel behavior: Evidence from longitudinal data in the Netherlands. Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Persp. 2020, 6, 100150.
  34. Xu, Y.; Li, J.P.; Chu, C.C. Impact of COVID-19 on Transportation and Logistics: A Case of China. Econ. Res.-Ekon. Istraz. 2021, 35, 2386–2404.
  35. Li, Y.; Wang, J.; Huang, J. Impact of COVID-19 on Domestic Air Transportation in China. Transp. Policy 2022, 122, 95–103.
  36. Bao, X.; Ji, P.; Lin, W. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Worldwide Air Transportation Network. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2021, 8, 210682.
  37. Sun, X.; Wandelt, S.; Zhang, A. Air Transportation as a Puzzle Piece of COVID-19 in Africa? Res. Transp. Bus. Manag. 2022, 43, 100780.
  38. Niemela, E.; Spohr, J.; Hellstrom, M. Managing Passenger Flows for Seaborne Transportation during COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Travel Med. 2021, 28, taab068.
  39. Tang, J.; Lin, H.; Fan, X. A Topology-Based Evaluation of Resilience on Urban Road Networks against Epidemic Spread: Implicatins for COVID-19 Responses. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 1023176.
  40. Jenelius, E.; Cebecauer, M. Impacts of COVID-19 on public transport ridership in Sweden: Analysis of ticket validations, sales and passenger counts. Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Persp. 2020, 8, 100242.
  41. Tirachini, A.; Cats, O. COVID-19 and Public Transportation: Current Assessment, Prospects, and Research Needs. J. Public Transp. 2020, 22, 1–21.
  42. Patra, S.S.; Chilukuri, B.R.; Vanajakshi, L. Analysis of Road Traffic Pattern Changes Due to Activity Restrictions during COVID-19 Pandemic in Chennai. Transp. Lett. 2021, 13, 473–481.
  43. Kim, K. Impacts of COVID-19 on Transportation: Summary and Synthesis of Interdisciplinary Research. Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect. 2021, 9, 100305.
  44. Bruneau, M.; Chang, S.E.; Eguchi, R.T.; Lee, G.C.; O’Rourke, T.D.; Reinhorn, A.M.; Shinozuka, M.; Tierney, K.; Wallace, W.A.; Von Winterfeldt, D. A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities. Earthq. Spectra 2003, 19, 733–752.
  45. Heaslip, K.; Louisell, W.; Collura, J. A Methodology to Evaluate Transportation Resiliency for Regional Networks. In Proceedings of the TRB 88TH Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, 11–15 January 2009; Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC, USA, 2009.
  46. Jin, J.G.; Tang, L.C.; Sun, L.; Lee, D.-H. Enhancing Metro Network Resilience Via Localized Integration with Bus Services. Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev. 2014, 63, 17–30.
  47. Cimellaro, G.P.; Reinhorn, A.M.; Bruneau, M. Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience. Eng. Struct. 2010, 32, 3639–3649.
  48. Tang, S.H.; Zhu, W.; Cheng, G.; Zheng, J.; Zhou, J. Safety resilience assessment of urban road traffic system under rainstorm waterlogging. China Saf. Sci. J. 2022, 32, 14–150.
  49. Wang, J.; Liu, H. Snow removal resource location and allocation optimization for urban road network recovery: A resilience perspective. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 2018, 10, 395–408.
  50. Jenelius, E.; Cats, O. The Value of New Public Transport Links for Network Robustness and Redundancy. Transp. A Transp. Sci. 2015, 11, 819–835.
  51. Henry, D.; Ramirez, J.E. Generic metrics and quantitative approaches for system resilience as a function of time. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2012, 99, 114–122.
  52. Nan, C.; Sansavini, G. A quantitative method for assessing resilience of interdependent infrastructures. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2017, 157, 35–53.
  53. Francis, R.; Bekera, B. A metric and frameworks for resilience analysis of engineered and infrastructure systems. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2014, 121, 90–103.
  54. Guo, J.; Zhu, X.; Liu, C.; Ge, S. Resilience Modeling Method of Airport Network Affected by Global Public Health Events. Math. Probl. Eng. 2021, 2021, 6622031.
  55. Ouyang, M.; Duenas, L. Time-dependent resilience assessment and improvement of urban infrastructure systems. Chaos 2012, 22, 261–271.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Transportation
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Xue Zhang
,
Yi Lu
,
Jie Wang
,
Donghui Yuan
,
Xianwen Huang
View Times: 161
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 31 Oct 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback