Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
 -- 2594 2023-10-08 15:46:41 |
2 format
Jason Zhu
 Meta information modification 2594 2023-10-09 04:21:25 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Otekunrin, O.A.; Mukaila, R.; Otekunrin, O.A. Investigating and Quantifying Food Insecurity in Nigeria. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49935 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Otekunrin OA, Mukaila R, Otekunrin OA. Investigating and Quantifying Food Insecurity in Nigeria. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49935. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Otekunrin, Olutosin Ademola, Ridwan Mukaila, Oluwaseun Aramide Otekunrin. "Investigating and Quantifying Food Insecurity in Nigeria" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49935 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Otekunrin, O.A., Mukaila, R., & Otekunrin, O.A. (2023, October 08). Investigating and Quantifying Food Insecurity in Nigeria. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49935
Otekunrin, Olutosin Ademola, et al. "Investigating and Quantifying Food Insecurity in Nigeria." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 October, 2023.
Investigating and Quantifying Food Insecurity in Nigeria
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/agriculture13101873

Given the recent increase in the number of Nigerians estimated to be at risk of food insecurity, it is crucial to explore the array of tools used to quantify food insecurity (FI). This exploration will help determine the prevalence and severity of FI in Nigeria. 

Food Security Zero hunger Farm households SDG 2 Nigeria Measurement tools Malnutrition

1. Introduction

The global community is faced with one of the most challenging issues in recent times—food insecurity. Food insecurity (FI) is experienced in almost all regions of the world, especially in Asia and Africa, as more than 50% (425 million) of the people in the world affected by hunger in 2021 were in Asia and more than one third (278 million) lived in Africa [1]. About 12% of the world’s population was affected by severe FI, while more than 2 billion people were either moderately or severely food insecure in 2021 [1].
According to the 2023 Global Report on Food Crises, more than one quarter of a billion people are experiencing acute levels of hunger, while some are on the verge of extreme deprivation of food [2]. Increases in conflict events, rising poverty, escalating inequalities, widespread underdevelopment, climate crises, and the COVID-19 pandemic have also contributed to the worsening of global food insecurity [2]. It is worth noting that Africa (especially sub-Saharan Africa) is experiencing worsening FI, which is reflected in the inclusion of six African countries (Sierra Leone 40.5/100, Madagascar 40.6/100, Burundi 40.6/100, Nigeria 42/100, Sudan 42.8/100, and the Congo Dem. Rep. 43/100) among the top 10 bottom-ranking countries with the lowest Global Food Security Index (GFSI) score in the 2022 overall food security environment. No African countries were among the top 10 high-ranking countries [3]. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and its partners’ projections, the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war threatens food security globally. The ripple effect of the war will have numerous implications for global agricultural markets, and this can potentially worsen the state of food and nutrition security for many nations in the coming years [1].
Food insecurity and hunger are on the rise in Nigeria. In January 2023, the United Children Fund (UNICEF) projected that 25 million Nigerians are at risk of experiencing hunger by the third quarter of 2023. This revealed an increase of about 8 million in hunger from the 2022 estimates [4]. Nigeria ranked 107th out of 113 countries and 25th out of 28 sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries with a GFSI score of 42/100 in the GFSI 2022 [3][5]. Also, in the 2022 Global Hunger index (GHI), Nigeria ranked 103rd out of 121 countries, scoring 27.3/100. This indicates a serious level of hunger and suggests that Nigeria is not on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG2) target by 2030 [5][6].
X-raying the food security environment in Nigeria, as reported in the GFSI 2022 under the four pillars for food security (Figure 1), indicated that Nigeria had the lowest score (25/100) globally on the affordability category. In the availability category, Nigeria ranked 108th globally and 26th in the region. The report showed that the very weak performance score (39.5) was a result of the “very weak” (0–39.9) scores obtained in certain indicators, such as agricultural research and development (30.7/100), supply-chain infrastructure (23.9/100), sufficiency of supply (25.5/100), political and social barriers to access (31.6/100), and food security and access policy commitments (0/100) [3].
Agriculture 13 01873 g001
Figure 1. Authors’ graph using data from the Global Food Security Index, 2022.
Food security (according to the United Nations definition) is referred to as “People having at all times, physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” [7]. The term “food insecurity” simply refers to the opposite of food security, where conditions of food security are not met, and it can be broadly conceptualized along a range from mild to severe [8]. The definition contains four widely established pillars of food security, namely: availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. The four pillars are important in understanding food security at any level, such as regional, household, and individual levels [9][10][11][12][13][14][15].
Generally, conditions that expose people to FI and hunger include extreme poverty, unemployment, corruption, unstable food access, ill health, non-existent social protection programmes, and terrorism [8][14][15][16][17][18][19]. FI is not only experienced in developing nations, as developed nations are also affected. In Australia, for instance, over 2 million households were affected by severe FI in 2022 [20], while in the United States of America (USA), an estimated 14.8% of children resided in food-insecure households [8][21]. It is generally believed that FI risk is unevenly distributed. The most vulnerable groups, such as children, women, the elderly, and internally displaced people (IDPs), usually suffer higher levels of FI [8][19][22][23][24][25]. FI may be momentary in nature, given the possibility of households slipping into and coming out of FI in response to evolving situations, supporting the idea that FI is best conceptualized as a dynamic phenomenon rather than a fixed construct [15][26][27][28][29]. In consideration of the weighty possible implications of FI, comprehending the methods employed by researchers to study FI, and the results obtained, are instrumental in designing food- and nutrition-sensitive policies and their implementation. About two and a half decades ago, many researchers carried out FI research in Nigeria, utilizing various measuring tools like their counterparts in other parts of the world. Several approaches have been established to study FI across global, national, and household/individual domains [11]. About three decades ago, FI measurement tools were used to assess economic access to food, using, for instance, household income or the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HCES) as proxies for food security, although the measures did not capture the experiences of households accessing food or the strategies employed in coping with insufficient food access. To overcome this limitation, the Radimer/Cornell scale (experience-based) was created [30]. In most cases, other experience-based approaches that were developed from [30] hinged on three central themes: “anxiety/uncertainty over running out of food, concerns over and adjustments to the quality, and quantity of food in the diet” [8][30]. The tools used different recall periods (30-day, 12 months) where the gravity of FI is in relation to the quantity of agreeable answers, with a higher number revealing extreme conditions [8][30]. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) is another approach commonly used in US-based studies for measuring FI, and it has been extensively adopted in many other countries. The module contains a lineup of questions (18 items) developed from the collective insights of FI at the household level, and it is executed through a survey-based measurement, usually within the timeframe of the prior 12 months. The findings may be presented as an unbroken continuum of severity, or by applying cutoff levels to assign households to four specific categories. In the absence of children, the module utilizes 10-item questions. It is crucial to highlight that HFFSSM adopts a flexible scoring system instead of a strict numerical threshold for classifying households [8][15][31][32].

2. Common Features of Studies

About 17% (13) of the studies utilized secondary data sources [29][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] within five years (2018, 2020–2023). The first research article that employed a secondary data source was published in 2018 [36]. About 84% (66) of the studies used primary data in investigating and measuring FI in Nigeria. Three notable states in Nigeria with the highest number of FI studies (using primary data) were conducted in Oyo (15), Ogun (10), and Enugu (9), respectively. It is worth noting that no research works (employing primary data sources) were conducted in three states in northwest Nigeria; namely, Jigawa, Katsina, and Zamfara states. According to recent Cadre Harmonise data surveys (2018/2019 household survey), the northwest and the northeast were the two regions having the most acute levels of FI in Nigeria [45]. The southwest had the highest number of FI research studies (45) conducted in the region, while the south–south had the least (9) FI research studies conducted in the region, and only three were reported in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. Furthermore, about 9% (7 articles) of studies employed qualitative methodology [41][46][47][48][49][50][51], while the remaining 91% (72) studies were quantitative in nature. Apart from the survey nature of the studies, some (five studies) incorporated focus group discussion (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) [52][53][54][55][56].

3. Quantifying Food Insecurity

Sixty-three (80%) of the studies included employed the most common FI measurement tool. The commonest method of measuring FI was through HFIAS, with eighteen studies [19][40][53][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]. The FI prevalence measured through the HFIAS module ranged from 36.9%, reported from a study that investigated the dynamics of FI using secondary data collected in 2010/2011 and 2015/2016 among households in rural Nigeria [40], to 98.8%, reported in research of household FI and feeding patterns of preschool children in north–central Nigeria [70]. Apart from [70], seven other studies reported a prevalence of FI that is above 90%; for instance, [71] (93.5%), [72] (92.8%), [73] (92.7%), [41] (90.8%), [19] (90.9%), [74] (95.8%), and [75] (95.8%).
Furthermore, twelve studies utilized the HFSSM approach. For instance, refs. [76][77] used 10-item and 16-item forms of HFSSM, while other studies [39][56][71][72][78][79][80][81][82][83] used the conventional full 18-item module. The use of the minimum recommended daily calorie required per adult equivalent is another common method for measuring FI in Nigeria in recent times. Thirteen studies utilized it, while three studies [55][84][85] utilized the same minimum value of 2100 Kcal for their studies in the southwestern and north–central states of Nigeria. Studies by [86][87] utilized 2260 Kcal from Kwara and Oyo states, respectively. Other studies used different daily calorie requirements; for instance, both [88] and [89] used 2250 Kcal, while [90] used 2500 Kcal; ref. [91] used 2550 Kcal; ref. [46] used 2470 Kcal; and ref. [92] utilized the highest value of 2710 Kcal. Also, ref. [93] utilized a 2145 Kcal per capita calorie intake, while [94] used three minimum recommended calorie benchmarks of 2100 Kcal, 1800 Kcal, and 2700 Kcal in their study, which focused on the perceived effects of COVID-19 on food security in southeastern Nigeria. Furthermore, an approach through the per capita food expenditure of households was used in ten studies. Apart from this method, ref. [95] added other methods, such as dietary diversity score (DDS) and Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT), while [38] only added DDS to their study using nationally representative data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).
Additionally, it was observed that studies that employed the “mean per capita food expenditure” approach used varying food security lines (FSL) for which households were categorized as either food secure (if the households met the threshold of a two third mean per capita food expenditure) and food insecure, if otherwise. For instance, refs. [96][97][98][99][100][101] had food security lines of NGN 7967, NGN 1948, NGN 4219, NGN 2643, NGN 10,704, and NGN 20,132 respectively. Furthermore, [102] specified an FSL of NGN 2900 for their study that focused on the effects of climate-smart agricultural practices on food security among farming households in Kwara state, while [103] did not specify the FSL used in categorizing the households into food secure/food insecure households in their study. Furthermore, seven studies employed the FIES approach. Out of these five were COVID-19-related studies in Nigeria [33][44][74][75][104], while two studies were not related to COVID-19 [105][106]. All of the COVID-19-related studies reported that household food access was hampered by the COVID-19 lockdowns in many parts of Nigeria. The study by Samuel et al. [33] reported that lockdown restrictions increased food expenditure and experiences of FI among the respondents. Meanwhile, ref. [104] utilized the COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey (COVID-19 NLPS) and found that 58.5% of Nigerian households experienced severe FI. Using the standard eight-item FIES in their study, ref. [74] found that only 6.9% of the Nigerian households were food secure, while emphasizing the inadequacies or non-existence of safety net programs, which further plunged the households into severe food insecurity during the pandemic. The study of Bwala et al. [75], which captured the psychosocial stress factors amid COVID-19, reported an increasing level of aggression and irritation among all categories of households, but this was greater among the low-income earners of the selected households in southwest and north–central Nigeria. Out of the 1674 households used in the study by [44] using the COVID-19 NPLS, about 4% were severely FI in the pre-pandemic, but they recorded 43% severe FI during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Only two studies used FCS [36][107]. The investigation by [107] using the FCS and coping strategy index (CSI) found that 21.4% of the households were quality-food insecure, while 34.8% were economically vulnerable to FI. The study by [36] did not report the FI prevalence rate among the polygamous family structure in Nigeria but found polygamous households having better food security outcomes than monogamous households using nationally representative data collected in three waves (2011, 2013, and 2015). Some studies (for instance, [35][37][108]), employed two-item, three-item, and four-item questions to assess FI among the participants, respectively. The three-item version of the HFSSM was adapted by [34][54]. Also, ref. [73] utilized a nine-item food security questionnaire for older children to evaluate the effectiveness of health education intervention on food security and other factors among adolescent girls in Maiduguri, Borno state, while [46][81] adapted the “Freedom from Hunger scale” (FFH) in assessing households’ FI status in Enugu state [109]. The study by [52] adapted the “Household Hunger Scale” (HHS) by [110] and DDS for assessing household food and nutrition security in Ohafia matrilineal society in Nigeria and found a 66% FI level among the households. The Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was also used by [42] among households using nationally representative data; in addition, ref. [50] employed income level, education, and government policy in investigating farming households’ food security in northern Nigeria. The study by [49] employed perception of the food security situation in the prevailing year (2019) to assess the FHHs in Enugu East Senatorial zone of the state, while [41] used changes in food intake as influenced by COVID-19 in exploring FI among residents in Nigeria during the first wave of COVID-19. The use of FI risk perception and management strategies was utilized by [48] in assessing FI among households in Oyo and Osun states and reported 87.6% FI prevalence. The work of [47] employed food habits and coping strategies among the elderly in Ogun state, while [51] adopted a self-reported one-item question “Since the COVID-19 crisis began, do you eat less or skip meals because there was no enough money or food” [111] to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on FI and other factors among women and girls living with or at risk of HIV in Nigeria and reported 76.1% FI prevalence. The food availability pillar of food security measurement was the focus of the study of [43], which also adopted a one-item self-reported question [112], “do you reduce the size of meal eaten in the household because of insufficient food,” among female-headed households and reported 43.1% prevalence of FI among them.

4. Exploring Food Insecurity in Different Settings

The studies reviewed were carried out in diverse populations in Nigeria. Thirteen studies investigated FI using the Nigerian public [29][33][34][35][36][37][38][40][41][42][43][44][104]. Among these studies, three utilized online surveys with a state-wide population. Three studies also employed COVID-19 NLPS, while seven studies used secondary datasets from the General Household Survey (GHS) made available through NBS. Twenty-seven studies were carried out among farming households in different population groups in different states. The work of [86] measured FI among farming households in Kwara state and reported 38% FI prevalence. The study of [76] used farming households in Ekiti state and reported about 88% FI, while [113] was carried out among urban farm households in Abuja with 30% FI recorded. Other studies were carried out among farming households in southwestern Nigeria; for instance, [103] (Ogun and Oyo), [96] (Ogun), [59] (Ondo), [85] (Oyo, Ekiti and Ondo), [19] (Oyo and Ogun), [99] (Ondo and Ogun), and [83] (Oyo). Also, some studies were carried out among farming households (crop and livestock) in northern Nigeria. For instance, refs. [50][61][80][88][114] reported 37%, 73.9%, 54.5%, 73.5%, and 81.5% FI. Studies involving farming households in the southeast include [49][72]. Also, ref. [106] carried out their study among farming households in the Niger Delta region (Bayelsa and Rivers states) employing the FIES method and reported 72% FI. Two studies reported on people (women and adolescent girls) living with or at risk of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [51][60] and found 72% and 76% FI, respectively. Further studies reported on primary and secondary school children [78], preschool children [70], and households with under-five children [67] and found a higher percent of FI—76.3%, 98.8%, and 63%, respectively. Ukegbu et al. [77] reported research on university undergraduate students, while [50] was about school-aged adolescents, and they found 93% and 81% FI, respectively. Bwala et al. [75] reported on households with varying income groups during COVID-19 and found about 96% FI.

References

  1. FAO; IFAD; UNICEF; WFP; WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing Food and Agricultural Policies to Make Healthy Diets More Affordable; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2022.
  2. FSIN; Global Network against Food Crises. 2023 Global Report on Food Crises: Joint Analysis for Better Decision; Global Network against Food Crises: Rome, Italy, 2023.
  3. Economist Impact. Global Food Security Index 2022. 2022. Available online: https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/ (accessed on 14 May 2023).
  4. UNICEF 2023: 25 million Nigerians at High Risk of Food Insecurity in 2023. Available online: https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/25-million-nigerians-high-risk-food-insecurity-2023 (accessed on 21 May 2023).
  5. Otekunrin, O.A.; Ayinde, I.A.; Sanusi, R.A.; Onabanjo, O.O. Dietary diversity, nutritional status, and agricultural commercialization: Evidence from rural farm households. Dialog. Health 2023, 2, 100121.
  6. von Grebmer, K.J.; Bernstein, D.; Resnick, M.; Wiemers, L.; Reiner, M.; Bachmeier, A.; Hanano, O.; Towey, R.; Ni Cheilleachair, C. 2022 Global Hunger Index: Food Systems 7. Transformation and Local Governance; Welthungerhilfe: Bonn, Germany; Concern Worldwide: Dublin, Germany, 2022.
  7. FAO. Rome declaration on the world food security and world food summit plan of action. In Proceedings of the World Food Summit 1996, Rome, Italy, 13–17 November 1996.
  8. Piperata, B.A.; Scaggs, S.A.; Dufour, D.L.; Adams, I.K. Measuring food insecurity: An introduction to tools for human biologists and ecologists. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2023, 35, e23821.
  9. Gross, R.; Schoeneberger, H.; Pfeifer, H.; Preuss, H.-J. The four dimensions of food and nutrition security: Definitions and concepts. SCN News 2000, 20, 20–25.
  10. De Haen, H.; Klasen, S.; Qaim, M. What do we really know? Metrics for food insecurity and under nutrition. Food Policy 2011, 36, 760–769.
  11. Jones, A.D.; Ngure, F.M.; Pelto, G.; Young, S.L. What are we assessing when we measure food security? A Compendium and review of current metrics. Adv. Nutr. 2013, 4, 481–505.
  12. Headey, D.; Ecker, O. “Improving the Measurement of Food Security” (No. 01225). IFPRI Discussion Paper 01225. 2012. Available online: http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127261 (accessed on 10 July 2023).
  13. Ike, C.U.; Jacobs, P.; Kelly, C. Towards comprehensive food security measures: Comparing key indicators. Afr. Insight 2015, 44, 91–111.
  14. Ayinde, I.A.; Otekunrin, O.A.; Akinbode, S.O.; Otekunrin, O.A. Food Security in Nigeria: Impetus for Growth and Development. J. Agric. Econ. Rural Dev. 2020, 6, 808–820.
  15. McKay, F.H.; Haines, B.C.; Dunn, M. Measuring and understanding food insecurity in Australia: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 476.
  16. Webb, P.; Coates, J.; Frongillo, E.A.; Rogers, B.L.; Swindale, A.; Bilinsky, P. Measuring household food insecurity: Why it’s so important and yet so difficult to do. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 1404S–1408S.
  17. Otekunrin, O.A.; Otekunrin, O.A.; Momoh, S.; Ayinde, I.A. How far has Africa gone in achieving the Zero Hunger Target? Evidence from Nigeria. Glob. Food Secur. 2019, 22, 1–12.
  18. Otekunrin, O.A.; Otekunrin, O.A.; Sawicka, B.; Ayinde, I.A. Three decades of fighting against hunger in Africa: Progress, challenges and opportunities. World Nutr. 2020, 11, 86–111.
  19. Otekunrin, O.A. Investigating food insecurity, health and environment-related factors, and agricultural commercialization in Southwestern Nigeria: Evidence from smallholder farming households. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2020, 29, 51469–51488.
  20. The Global FoodBanking Network. The FoodBank Hunger Report: Driving Advocacy for Zero Hunger in Australia. 2023. Available online: https://www.foodbanking.org/blogs/the-foodbank-hunger-report-driving-advocacy-for-zero-hunger-in.australia/#:~:text=The%20state%20of%20Australia’s%20food,over%20the%20previous%20twelve%20months (accessed on 17 June 2023).
  21. Coleman-Jensen, A.; Rabbitt, M.P.; Gregory, C.A.; Singh, A. Household Food Security in the United States in 2019. Economic Research Report No. (ERR-275); U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 2020; Volume 47.
  22. Chilton, M.; Chyatte, M.; Breaux, J. The negative effects of poverty and food insecurity on child development. Indian J. Med. Res. 2017, 126, 262–272.
  23. Ivers, L.C.; Cullen, K.A. Food insecurity: Special considerations for women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 94, 1740S–1744S.
  24. Odoms-Young, A.M. Examining the impact of structural racism on food insecurity: Implications for addressing racial/ethnic disparities. Fam. Community Health 2018, 41, S3–S6.
  25. Gibb, J.K.; Shokoohi, M.; Salway, T.; Ross, L.E. Sexual orientation–based disparities in food security among adults in the United States: Results from the 2003–2016 NHANES. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2021, 114, 2006–2016.
  26. Daponte, B.O.; Lewis, G.H.; Sanders, S.; Taylor, L. Food pantry use among low-income households in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. J. Nutr. Educ. 1998, 30, 50–57.
  27. Jeronim, C.; Panagiotis, K.; Marco, K.; Mark, S. A Model of Vulnerability to Food Insecurity; ESA Working Paper 2010, No. 10-03. Agricultural Development Economics Division. Available online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al318e/al318e.pdf (accessed on 20 July 2023).
  28. Ramsey, R.; Giskes, K.; Turrell, G.; Gallegos, D. Food insecurity among adults residing in disadvantaged urban areas: Potential health and dietary consequences. Public Health Nutr. 2012, 15, 227–237.
  29. Obayelu, O.A.; Akpan, E.I. Food insecurity transitions among rural households in Nigeria. Estud. De Econ. Apl. 2021, 39, 1–16.
  30. Radimer, K.L.; Olson, C.M.; Greene, J.C.; Campbell, C.C.; Habicht, J.P. Understanding hunger and developing indicators to assess it in women and children. J. Nutr. Edu. 1992, 24, 36S–44S.
  31. Hamilton, W.L.; Cook, J.T. Household Food Security in the United States in 1995: Technical Report of the Food Security Measurement Project; United States Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 1997.
  32. Bickel, G.; Nord, M.; Price, C.; Hamilton, W.; Cook, J. Guide to Measuring Household Food Security; Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service: Alexandria, Egypt, 2000.
  33. Samuel, F.O.; Eyinla, T.E.; Ariyo, O.; Leshi, O.O.; Brai, B.I.C.; Afolabi, W.A.O. Food Access and Experience of Food Insecurity in Nigerian Households during the COVID-19 Lockdown. Food Nutr. Sci. 2021, 12, 1062–1072.
  34. Bamiwuye, O.; Akintunde, O.; Jimoh, L.; Olanrewaju, K. Perceived changes in food security, finances and revenue of rural and urban households during COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Agrekon 2022, 61, 282–291.
  35. Folayan, M.O.; Ibigbami, O.; Brown, B.; El Tantawi, M.; Uzochukwu, B.; Ezechi, O.C.; Aly, N.M.; Abeldaño, G.F.; Ara, E.; Ayanore, M.A.; et al. Differences in COVID-19 Preventive Behavior and Food Insecurity by HIV Status in Nigeria. AIDS Behav. 2022, 26, 739–751.
  36. Owoo, N.S. Food insecurity and family structure in Nigeria. SSM Pop. Health 2018, 4, 117–125.
  37. Nwaka, I.D.; Akadiri, S.S.; Uma, K.E. Gender of the family head and food insecurity in urban and rural Nigeria. Afr. J. Econ. Manag. Stud. 2020, 11, 381–402.
  38. Amolegbe, K.B.; Upton, J.; Bageant, E.; Bloom, S. Food price volatility and household food security. Evidence from Nigeria. Food Policy 2021, 102, 102061.
  39. Ezeama, N.N.; Ibeh, C.C.; Adinma, E.D.; Epundu, U.U.; Chiejine, G.I. Burden of food insecurity, sociodemographic characteristics and coping practices of households in Anambra State, South-eastern Nigeria. J. Hung. Environ. Nutr. 2021, 16, 847–861.
  40. Obayelu, O.A.; Akpan, E.I.; Ojo, A.O. Pevalence and correlates of food insecurity in rural Nigeria: A panel analysis. J. Agric. Food Syst. 2021, 23, 1–25.
  41. Folayan, M.O.; Ibigbami, O.; El Tantawi, M.; Brown, B.; Aly, N.M.; Ezechi, O.; Abeldaño, G.F.; Ara, E.; Ayanore, M.A.; Ellakany, P.; et al. Factors Associated with Financial Security, Food Security and Quality of Daily Lives of Residents in Nigeria during the FirstWave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7925.
  42. Ashagidigbi, W.M.; Orilua, O.O.; Olagunju, K.A.; Omotayo, A.O. Gender, Empowerment and Food Security Status of Households in Nigeria. Agriculture 2022, 12, 956.
  43. Nnaji, A.; Ratna, N.N.; Renwick, A. Gendered access to land and household food insecurity: Evidence from Nigeria. Agric. Res. Econ. Rev. 2022, 51, 45–67.
  44. Orjiakor, E.C.; Adediran, A.; Ugwu, J.O.; Nwachukwu, W. Household living conditions and food insecurity in Nigeria: A longitudinal study during COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Open 2023, 13, e066810.
  45. Thomas, A.; Turk, R. Food Insecurity in Nigeria: Food Supply Matters; IMF Selected Issues Paper: Washington, DC, USA, 2023.
  46. Ibrahim, H.; Bello, M.; Ibrahim, H. Food Security and Resource Allocation among Farming Households in North Central Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr. 2009, 8, 1235–1239.
  47. Olayiwola, I. Coping strategy for food security among elderly in Ogun state, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 2013, 16, 79–85.
  48. Fawole, W.O.; Ozkan, B. Food insecurity risks perceptions and management strategies among households: Implications for zero hunger target in Nigeria. New Medit 2018, 2, 29–42.
  49. Ozioko, R.I.; Nwigwe, B.C.; Asadu, A.N.; Nwafor, M.I.; Nnadi, O.I.; Onyia, C.C.; Enwelu, I.A.; Oluwasegun, F.O. Food Security Situations among Female Headed Households in Enugu East Senatorial Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. J. Agric. Ext. 2020, 24, 100–112.
  50. Sennuga, O.S.; Baines, R.N.; Conway, J.S.; Naylor, R.K. Effect of Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics on Farming Households’ Food Security in Northern Nigeria. J. Econ. Sustain. Dev. 2020, 11, 140–150.
  51. Lamontagne, E.; Folayan, M.O.; Arije, O.; Enemo, A.; Sunday, A.; Muhammad, A.; Nyako, H.Y.; Abdullah, R.M.; Okiwu, H.; Undelikwo, V.A.; et al. Effects of COVID-19 on food insecurity, financial vvulnerability and housing insecurity among women and girls living with or at risk of HIV in Nigeria. Afr. J. AIDS Res. 2022, 21, 297–305.
  52. Ene-Obong, H.N.; Onuoha, N.O.; Eme, P.E. Gender roles, family relationships, and household food and nutrition security in Ohafia matrilineal society in Nigeria. Matern. Child Nurs. 2017, 13, e12506.
  53. Yekini, O.T. Women’s Participation in Development Programs and Food Security Status. J. Agric. Food Inf. 2010, 11, 28–35.
  54. Ajaero, C.K. A gender perspective on the impact of flood on the food security of households in rural communities of Anambra state, Nigeria. Food Secur. 2017, 9, 685–695.
  55. Ehebhamen, O.G.; Obayelu, A.E.; Vaughan, I.O.; Afolabi, W.A.O. Rural Households’ food security status and coping strategies in Edo State, Nigeria. Int. Food Res. J. 2017, 24, 333–340.
  56. Anugwa, I.Q.; Agwu, A.E.; Suvedi, M.; Babu, S. Gender-Specific Livelihood Strategies for Coping with Climate Change-Induced Food Insecurity in Southeast Nigeria. Food Secur. 2020, 12, 1065–1084.
  57. Omuemu, V.O.; Otasowie, E.M.; Onyiriuka, U. Prevalence of food insecurity in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Ann. Afr. Med. 2012, 11, 139–145.
  58. Odusina, O.A. Assessment of Households’ food access and food insecurity in urban Nigeria: A case study of Lagos Metropolis. Glob. J. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2014, 15, 21–30.
  59. Olaniyi, O.A.; Ismaila, K.O. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) usage and household food security status maize crop farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria: Implication for Sustainable Development. Lib. Phil. Pract. 2016, 1446, 1–18.
  60. Sholeye, O.O.; Animasahun, V.J.; Salako, A.A.; Oyewole, B.K. Household food insecurity among people living with HIV in Sagamu, Nigeria: A preliminary study. Nutr. Health 2017, 23, 95–102.
  61. Danladi, H.; Ojo, C.O. Analysis of food access status among farming households in Southern part of Gombe State, Nigeria. Green J. Agric. Sci. 2018, 8, 59–64.
  62. Idris-Adeniyi, K.M.; Akinbile, L.A.; Busari, A.O.; Adebooye, O.C. Factors influencing household food security among MicroVeg project beneficiaries in Nigeria. Acta Hortic. 2019, 1238, 105–115.
  63. Roberts, A.A.; Osadare, J.O.; Imem, V.A. Hunger iin the midst of plenty: A survey of household food security among urban families in Lagos State, Nigeria. J. Public Health Afr. 2019, 10, 885.
  64. Sholeye, O.A.; Animasahun, V.J.; Salako, A.A. A world free of hunger: An assessment of food security and dietary diversity among adult primary care clients in rural southwest Nigeria. Nutr. Food Sci. 2019, 49, 99–111.
  65. Adesoye, O.P.; Adepoju, A.O. Food insecurity status of the working poor households in Southwest Nigeria. Int. J. Soc. Econ. 2020, 47, 581–597.
  66. Otekunrin, O.A.; Otekunrin, O.A.; Sawicka; Pszczolkowski, P. Assessing food insecurity and its drivers among smallholder farming households in rural Oyo State, Nigeria. Agriculture 2021, 11, 1189.
  67. Yahaya, S.P.; Sanusi, R.A.; Eyinla, T.E.; Samuel, F.O. Household food insecurity and Nutrient Adequacy of under-five children in selected urban areas of Ibadan, Southwestern, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 2021, 24, 41–46.
  68. Adeomi, A.A.; Fatusi, A.; Klipstein-Grobusch, K. Food Security, Dietary Diversity, Dietary Patterns and the Double Burden of Malnutrition among School-Aged Children and Adolescents in Two Nigerian States. Nutrients 2022, 14, 789.
  69. Chiemela, S.N.; Chiemela, C.J.; Apeh, C.C.; Ileka, C.M. Households Food and Nutrition Security in Enugu State, Nigeria. J. Agric. Ext. 2022, 26, 11–23.
  70. Omachi, B.A.; Van Onselen, A.; Kolanisi, U. The Household Food Security and Feeding Pattern of Preschool Children in North-Central Nigeria. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4112.
  71. Nzeagwu, O.; Aleke, U. Household Nutrition and Food Security in Obukpa Rural Community of Enugu State, Nigeria. Malays. J. Nutr. 2016, 22, 113–123.
  72. Akukwe, T.I.; Oluoko-Odingo, A.A.; Krhoda, G.O. Do floods affect food security? A before-and-after comparative study of flood-affected households’ food security status in South-Eastern Nigeria. Bull. Geog. Soc. Ser. 2020, 47, 115–131.
  73. Shapu, R.S.; Ismail, S.; Ahmad, N.; Lim, P.Y.; Njodi, I.A. Food Security and Hygiene Practice among Adolescent Girls in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria. Foods 2020, 9, 1265.
  74. Balana, B.; Ogunniyi, A.; Oyeyemi, M.; Fasoranti, A.; Edeh, H.; Andam, K. COVID-19, food insecurity and dietary diversity of households: Survey evidence from Nigeria. Food Secur. 2023, 15, 219–241.
  75. Bwala, D.G.; Otekunrin, O.A.; Adebowale, O.O.; Fasina, M.M.; Odetokun, I.A.; Fasina, F.O. COVID-19 Pandemic Impacted Food Security and Caused Psychosocial Stress in Selected States of Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2023, 20, 4016.
  76. Fakayode, S.B.; Rahji, M.A.Y.; Oni, O.A.; Adeyemi, M.O. An Assessment of Food Security Situations of Farm Households in Nigeria. Soc. Sci. 2009, 4, 2–29.
  77. Ukegbu, P.; Nwofia, B.; Ndudiri, U.; Nwakwe, N.; Uwaegbute, A. Food insecurity and associated factors among University students. Food Nutr. Bull. 2019, 40, 271–281.
  78. Sanusi, R.A.; Badejo, C.A.; Yusuf, B.O. Measuring Household Food Insecurity in Selected Local Government Areas of Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr. 2006, 5, 62–67.
  79. Ajao, K.O.; Ojofeitimi, E.O.; Adebayo, A.A.; Fatusi, A.O.; Afolabi, O.T. Influence of family size, household food security status, and child care services on the nutritional status of under-five children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Afr. J. Reprod. Health 2010, 14, 117–126.
  80. Oyawole, F.; Dipeolu, A.; Shittu, A.; Obayelu, A.; Fabunmi, T. Adoption of agricultural practices with climate smart agriculture potentials and food security among farm households in northern Nigeria. Open Agric. 2020, 5, 751–760.
  81. Kassy, W.C.; Ndu, A.C.; Okeke, C.C.; Aniwada, E.C. Food Security and Factors Affecting Household Food Security in Enugu State, Nigeria. J. Health Underserved 2021, 32, 565–581.
  82. Kehinde, M.O.; Shittu, A.M.; Adeyonu, A.G.; Ogunnaike, M.G. Women empowerment, Land Tenure and Property Rights, and household food security among smallholders in Nigeria. Agric. Food Secur. 2021, 10, 25.
  83. Salau, S.A.; Olalere, I.; Affolabi, D.G. Analysis of food security among garri processors in Oyo State, Nigeria. Trop. Agric. 2022, 99, 282–291.
  84. Biam, C.K.; Tavershima, T. Food Security Status of Rural Households in Benue State, Nigeria. Afr. J. Food Nutr. Dev. 2020, 20, 15677–15694.
  85. Omotayo, A.O.; Omotoso, A.; Daud, S.A.; Omoayo, P.O.; Adeniyi, B.A. Rising Food Prices and Food Insecurity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Policy Implications from SouthWest Nigeria. Agriculture 2022, 12, 363.
  86. Babatunde, R.O.; Omotosho, O.A.; Sholotan, O.S. Socioeconomic characteristics and food security status of farming households in Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr. 2007, 6, 49–58.
  87. Obayelu, O.A.; Onasanya, O.A. Maize Biodiversity and Food Security Status of Rural Households in the Derived Guinea Savannah of Oyo Sate, Nigeria. Agric. Conspec. Sci. 2016, 81, 241–250.
  88. Saleh, M.K.; Mustafa, A.S. Food security and productivity among urban farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria. J. Agric. Ext. 2018, 22, 171–180.
  89. Alene, A.D.; Manyong, V.M. Endogenous technology adoption and household food security: The case of improved cowpea varieties in northern Nigeria. Quart. J. Int. Agric. 2006, 3, 211–230.
  90. Babatunde, R.O.; Qaim, M. Impact of off-farm income on food security and nutrition in Nigeria. Food Policy 2010, 35, 303–311.
  91. Akerele, D.; Momoh, S.; Aromolaran, A.B.; Oguntona, C.R.B.; Shittu, A.M. Food insecurity and coping strategies in South-West Nigeria. Food Secur. 2013, 5, 407–414.
  92. Fawole, W.O.; Ozkan, B.; Ayanrinde, F.A. Measuring food security status among households in Osun State, Nigeria. Br. Food J. 2016, 118, 1554–1567.
  93. Ayeni, M.D.; Adewumi, M.O. Food security among cashew farming households in Kogi state, Nigeria. GeoJournal 2023, 88, 3953–3968.
  94. Munonye, J.; Osuji, E.; Olaolu, M.; Okoisu, A.; Obi, J.; Eze, G.; Ibrahim-Olesin, S.; Njoku, L.; Amadi, M.; Izuogu, C.; et al. Perceived Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Food Security in Southeast Nigeria. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 2022, 6, 936157.
  95. Oyeniran, I.O.; Olajide, O.A. Assessing food security status of rural households in North Eastern Nigeria: A Comparison of Methodologies. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. 2023, 23, 22513–22533.
  96. Ogunniyi, A.I.; Omotoso, S.O.; Salman, K.K.; Omotayo, A.O.; Olagunju, K.O.; Aremu, A.O. Socio-economic Divers of Food Security among Rural Households in Nigeria: Evidence from Smallholder Maize Farmers. Soc. Ind. Res. 2021, 155, 583–599.
  97. Omonona, B.T.; Agoi, G.A. An analysis of food security situation among Nigerian urban households: Evidence from Lagos State, Nigeria. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 2007, 8, 397–406.
  98. Omojimite, B.U. Analysis of Food Security situation in Warri, Nigeria. J. Soc. Dev. Sci. 2011, 2, 153–161.
  99. Obisesan, O.A. Causal Effects of off-farm activity and technology adoption on food security in Nigeria. Agris Econ. Inform. 2015, 7, 3–11.
  100. Adepoju, A.; Oyegoke, O. Correlates of food insecurity status of urban households in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Int. Food Res. J. 2018, 25, 2248–2254.
  101. Salau, S.A.; Aliu, S.R.; Nofiu, N.B. The effect of sustainable land management technologies on farming household food security in Kwara State, Nigeria. J. Agric. Sci. 2019, 64, 203–214.
  102. Adebisi, L.O.; Adebisi, O.A.; Odum, E.E. Effect of climate smart agricultural practices on food security among farming households in Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria. Pesq. Agropec. Trop. 2022, 52, e70538.
  103. Olarinde, L.O.; Abass, A.B.; Abdoulaye, T.; Adepoju, A.A.; Adio, M.O.; Fanifosi, E.G.; Awoyale, W. The influence of Social Networking on Food Security Status of Cassava Farming Households in Nigeria. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5420.
  104. Ibukun, C.O.; Adebayo, A.A. Household food security and the COVID-19 pandemic. Afr. Dev. Rev. 2021, 33 (Suppl. 1), S75–S87.
  105. Akinbule, O.O.; Okekhian, K.L.; Omidian, A. Assessing the Household Food Insecurity Status and Coping Strategies in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. J. Nutr. Food Secur. 2020, 4, 236–242.
  106. Onyenekwe, C.S.; Okpara, U.T.; Opata, P.I.; Egyir, I.S.; Sarpong, D.B. The Triple Challenge: Food Security and Vulnerabilities of Fishing and Farming Households in Situations Characterized by Increasing Conflict, Climate Shock, and Environmental Degradation. Land 2022, 11, 1982.
  107. Adeoye, P.A.; Afolahanmi, T.O.; Ofili, A.N.; Chirdan, O.O.; Agbo, H.A.; Adeoye, L.T.; Su, T.T. Socio-demographic predictors of food security among rural households in Langai district in Plateau-Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Pan Afr. Med. J. 2022, 43, 36.
  108. Ibrahim, F.M.; Ojo, M.O.; Osikabor, B.; Akinosho, H.O.; Ibrahim, A.B.; Olatunji, B.T.; Ogunwale, O.G.; Akanni, O.F. Gender Role Attitude and Food Insecurity among Women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 7, 484–489.
  109. Melga-Quinonez, H. Testing Food-Security Scales for Low-Cost Poverty Assessment. Research Report; Ohio State University, For Freedom from Hunger: Davis, CA, USA, 2004.
  110. Swindale, A.; Bilinsky, P. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide (v.2); FHI 360/FANTA: Washington, DC, USA, 2006. Available online: http://www.fantaproject.org/downloads/pdfs/HDDS_v2_Sep06.pdf (accessed on 27 May 2023).
  111. Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET). Nigeria—Food Security Outlook 2023. Available online: https://fews.net/fr/west-africa/nigeria/food-security-outlook/march-2023 (accessed on 25 July 2023).
  112. Ordinioha, B.; Sawyer, W. Food insecurity, malnutrition and crude oil spillage in a rural community in Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. Niger. J. Med. 2008, 17, 3044–3309.
  113. Ibrahim, H.; Uba-Eze, N.R.; Oyewole, S.O.; Onuk, E.G. Food Security among Urban Households: A Case Study of Gwagwalada Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr. 2009, 8, 810–813.
  114. Kehinde, M.O.; Shittu, A.M.; Adewuyi, S.A.; Osunsina, I.O.O.; Adeyonu, A.G. Land Tenure and Property rights, and household food security among rice farmers in northern Nigeria. Heliyon 2021, 7, e06110.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Health Policy & Services
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
,
Ridwan Mukaila
,
Oluwaseun Aramide Otekunrin
View Times: 1.1K
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 09 Oct 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback