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The use of synthetic/artificial preservatives has become common and has not been widely accepted by consumers as they are aware of the fact that exposure to preservatives can lead to adverse effects on health, which is a major area of concern for researchers. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds appear to be extensively used as bio-preservatives to prolong the shelf life of the finished product.
Preservatives & Chemical Structure |
Toxic Effect | Food Products | References |
---|---|---|---|
![]() Acetic acid |
Breathing difficulty, swelling, irritation | Preserved fish, preserved meat, cooking oil, curry powder, processed cheese, instant puddings, butter, bread, mozzarella cheese, baby food, etc. | [20][21] |
![]() Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) |
Nausea, vomiting, headache, heartburn and cramps | Fruit juices, jams, beer, soft drinks, cider, cereals, canned tuna, glaze for frozen fish, etc. | [22] |
![]() Benzoic acid |
Carcinogenic, irritation, metabolic acidosis, asthma, convulsions, etc. | Fruit juices, soft drinks, coffee extracts, pickles; pineapple marmalade with pectin; relishes; tomato paste; tomato pulp; tomato puree, etc. | [23][24][25] |
![]() Sodium benzoate |
Allergy, asthma, skin rashes, hyperactivity, liver cirrhosis, Parkinson’s disease, etc. | Chayavanprash, fruit juices, fruit cocktails, tomato ketchup, pasta sauce, milk products, jams, soft drinks, salad dressings, pickles, margarine, etc. | [23][24][25][26] |
![]() Citric acid |
Numbness, rapid weight gain, cramps, mood changes, severe stomach pain, diarrhea and convulsions, etc. | Fruit juices, soft drinks, meat, frozen food, chips, biscuits, ice creams, soda, wine, etc. | [27] |
![]() Formic acid |
Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, skin allergy etc. | Livestock feed | [28] |
![]() Lactic acid |
Brain fog, gas, and bloating | Yoghurt, olives, cucumber pickles, salad dressing, cheese, frozen desserts, soda, etc. | [29] |
![]() Potassium lactate |
Brain fog, gas, and bloating | Meat and poultry products | [29][30][31][32] |
![]() Propionic acid |
Corrosive, increase resistance to glucagon, norepinephrine, and insulin | Bakery products, gelatin, milk, and milk products such as cheese, yoghurt, etc. | [26][33] |
![]() Sorbic acid |
Contact dermatitis and urticarial, etc. | Fruit juice, wine, jams, jellies, margarine, meat products, cakes, sauces, processed cheese, salads, etc. | [26] |
![]() Potassium Sorbate |
Contact dermatitis and urticarial, etc. | Karela amla juice, Amla-Aloe vera juice with wheatgrass, milk products, etc. | [26] |
![]() Sulphur dioxide/Sulphites ![]() Potassium bisulfate |
Allergic reactions (nausea, skin irritation, asthma, eczema, diarrhea) |
Fruit juices, cider, wines, meat products, sausages, sweets, jams, jellies, glucose syrups, dry biscuits, dry mix of rasogollas, refined sugar, misri, jaggery, glucose syrup, potatoes, beverages, raisins, pickles, chutneys, etc. | [26] |
Nitrites & Nitrates (Sodium & Potassium) |
Genotoxicity, carcinogenic (stomach and pancreatic cancer) | Meat products, hot dog, smoked fish, and many others | [26][34] |
![]() BHA BHT |
Endocrine disruptors, neurological problems, metabolic dysfunction, behavioral issues, and may cause cancer | Hot dogs, meat, potato chips, chewing gum, vegetable oils, bread, breakfast cereals, and many others | [35] |
![]() Triclosan |
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria, endocrine disruptor, skin sensitization, neuro-toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, phototoxicity, etc. | Active food packaging | [35][36][37] |
Nisin | Nausea, pruritus, skin rash and vomiting, etc. | Prepacked coconut water, canned rasgulla, baking mixes containing egg, etc. | [38] |
Dehyderoacetic acid (DHA) | Allergic contact dermatitis | Cheese, meat products, squash, etc. | [39] |
![]() Erythorbic acid |
Hypersensitivity, nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, heartburn, and cramps | Meat, frozen fruits and vegetables, beverages such as soft drinks, fruit juice, grape wine, beer, etc. | [40] |
![]() Dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) |
Carcinogenic | Non-alcoholic beverages such as sports drinks, energy drinks and non-carbonated drinks such as ice tea, etc. | [41][42][43] |
Natural Sources | Phenolic Content with Antioxidant/Antimicrobial Activity | References |
---|---|---|
Allium cepa | Protocatechuic acid | [61] |
Ananas comosus | Coumaric acid and ferulic acid | [62] |
Berries | Hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids | [63][64][65] |
Coffea arabica | Hydroxycinammic acids | [64] |
Daucus carota | p-Coumaric, chlorogenic, and caffeic acids | [66][67] |
Emblica officinalis | 1,8-Cineole | [68][69] |
Fagopyrum esculentum | Rutin, quercetin, and catechins | [70][71][72] |
Glycine max | Protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acids, chlorogenic acid, etc. | [73] |
Malus domestica | Coumaric acid, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, procyanidin and gallic acid, etc. | [74] |
Mangifera indica | Myricetin, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, gallic acid, sinapic acid, and ferulic acid | [75] |
Mushroom species | p-Hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, gallic, vanillic, coumaric, syringic, gentisic, ferulic, cinnamic, caffeic acids | [76] |
Origanum vulgare | Rosmarinic acid | [77] |
Oryza sativa | Protocatechuic acid | [78] |
Psidium guajava | Chlorogenic Acid, gallic acid, Kaempferol, sinapic acid, and myricetin | [75] |
Punica granatum | Quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and Myricetin, etc. |
[79] |
Salvia rosmarinus | Rosmarinic acid, carnosol, and carnosic acid | [77] |
Syzygium cumini | Quercetin | [80][81][82] |
Thymus vulgaris | Caffeic and rosmarinic acids | [83] |
Triticum aestivum | Phytic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic, syringic, vanillic and p-coumaric acids | [84][85] |
Vitis vinifera | Malvidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin and petunidin, epigallocatechin etc. | [86][87] |