Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Yoshihiro Sato
 -- 1748 2023-08-31 01:53:57 |
2 only format change
Alfred Zheng
 Meta information modification 1748 2023-08-31 04:28:54 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Sato, Y.; Tsujinaka, S.; Miura, T.; Kitamura, Y.; Suzuki, H.; Shibata, C. Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48665 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Sato Y, Tsujinaka S, Miura T, Kitamura Y, Suzuki H, Shibata C. Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48665. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Sato, Yoshihiro, Shingo Tsujinaka, Tomoya Miura, Yoh Kitamura, Hideyuki Suzuki, Chikashi Shibata. "Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48665 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Sato, Y., Tsujinaka, S., Miura, T., Kitamura, Y., Suzuki, H., & Shibata, C. (2023, August 31). Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48665
Sato, Yoshihiro, et al. "Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer." Encyclopedia. Web. 31 August, 2023.
Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/cancers15164154

Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Although advancements in endoscopic imaging techniques, integrated surveillance programs, and improved medical therapies have contributed to a decreased incidence of CRC in patients with IBD, the rate of CRC remains higher in patients with IBD than in individuals without chronic colitis. Patients with IBD-related CRCs exhibit a poorer prognosis than those with sporadic CRCs, owing to their aggressive histological characteristics and lower curative resection rate. 

colorectal cancer inflammatory bowel diseases surveillance

1. Introduction

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) [1][2]. Although the incidence of CRC with IBD (IBD-CRC) is decreasing [3], its prognosis remains poorer than that of sporadic CRCs. Several distinct characteristics of IBD-CRC may contribute to this difference in prognosis, such as younger age at diagnosis, emergency presentation or diagnosis as an emergency, an increased likelihood of right-sided colon involvement [4], and histological features like multifocal tumors, poor/undifferentiated histology, or mucinous carcinomas [5][6]. Therefore, accurate risk stratification is crucial for effective personalized cancer surveillance by distinguishing between high-risk and low-risk individuals [7]. Advanced technologies during endoscopic surveillance programs provide valuable tools for diagnosing dysplastic and cancerous lesions [8][9][10], while new advanced techniques for endoscopic resection can also improve the prognosis of IBD-CRC [11].

2. Surveillance Strategy and Management

2.1. Surveillance Strategies

Colonoscopy is considered the fundamental tool for CRC surveillance in patients with IBD. The primary objective of this surveillance is to identify endoscopically removable premalignant lesions or early-stage CRC, leading to improved prognosis and treatment outcomes [12]. A recent meta-analysis, conducted in 2018, highlighted the importance of appropriate surveillance [13]. Bye et al. assessed the effectiveness of endoscopic surveillance in decreasing IBD-CRC-related mortality and found that the cancer detection rate was significantly higher in the non-surveillance group (3.2%) than in the surveillance group (1.8%) (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42–0.80; p < 0.001). Moreover, CRC-associated death was significantly lower in the surveillance group (8.5%, 15/176) than in the non-surveillance group (22.3%, 79/354) (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19–0.69; p = 0.002). In addition, the early-stage CRC detection rate was significantly higher in the surveillance group (15.5%) than in the non-surveillance group (7.7%) (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.51–19.3; p = 0.009) [13]. Several international guidelines recommend active surveillance of patients with IBD to detect and resect dysplastic lesions before they progress to HGD or CRC [8][9][14][15][16][17]. Most guidelines advocate that all patients with colonic IBD undergo initial colonoscopy screening for dysplasia 8–10 years after the diagnosis of the disease. Continued surveillance colonoscopy is advised even if the disease is well-controlled, as chronic inflammation can lead to a false-positive pathological diagnosis of dysplasia [18]. Table 1 shows the recommended surveillance intervals after the initial colonoscopy, which are based on individual risk of CRC [12][14].
Table 1. Recommended surveillance strategies based on risk stratification in patients with IBD.
Patients High Risk Intermediate Risk Low Risk
Risk factors Moderate or severe inflammation
PSC
Family history of CRC in FDRs aged < 50 years
Dense pseudopolyposis
<5-year history of invisible dysplasia or high-risk visible dysplasia		 Mild inflammation
Family history of CRC but no FDRs aged <50 years
Previous episode of severe colitis
<5-year history of invisible dysplasia or high-risk visible dysplasia
<5-year history of low-risk visible dysplasia		 Maintaining disease remission with mucosal healing plus either of
≥2 consecutive examinations without dysplasia
Minimal colitis (ulcerative proctitis or <1/3 of the colon in CD)
Surveillance interval 1 year 2 or 3 years 5 years
CD, Crohn’s disease; CRC, colorectal cancer; FDR, first-degree relative; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis.

2.2. Recommended Endoscopic Techniques

To maximize the efficacy of endoscopic surveillance, optimized mucosal visualization and improved operator performance are crucial [19]. Recently, several new endoscopic techniques have emerged to identify dysplastic or cancerous lesions [8][9]. According to the SCENIC Consensus, high-definition (HD) white-light endoscopy (WLE) is preferred over standard-definition (SD) WLE for surveillance [17]. Several international societies provide guidance on techniques for surveillance colonoscopy (Table 2) [8][14][16][20][21]. A retrospective analysis compared 160 colonoscopies with SD-WLE and 209 colonoscopies with HD-WLE and showed that the colonoscopies with HD-WLE improved the targeted detection of dysplastic lesions during periodic surveillance [22]. Although HD-WLE can allow visualization of most forms of dysplasia, chromoendoscopy (CE) may further facilitate the detection of dysplasia [23]. Dye spray CE (DCE) using methylene blue or indigo carmine can help identify the areas of interest and distinguish the borders between the normal mucosa and the suspected lesions. Technical advancements in endoscopic imaging have developed virtual CE (VCE) that can be utilized without spraying dye agents. The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) clinical guidelines advocate endoscopic surveillance with HD-WLE using narrow-band imaging (NBI) or DCE to identify dysplasia in patients with UC [8].
Table 2. Recommended techniques for surveillance colonoscopy.
Guidelines Recommended Technique
ACG 2019 [8] SD colonoscopy with DCE
HD-WLE with NBI or DCE
AGA 2021 (clinical practice update) Expert consensus [24] HD endoscopy
SD-WLE with DCE
HD-WLE with VCE, as an alternative to DCE
ESGE guideline 2019 [18] HD endoscopy and DCE or VCE
BSG 2019 [15] HD-WLE rather than SD-WLE
SD or HD-WLE with DCE
AOCC and APAG, 2020 Expert consensus [19] CE is preferred over WLE
ACG, American College of Gastroenterology; AGA, American Gastroenterological Association; AOCC, Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis; APAG, Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology; BSG, British Society of Gastroenterology; CE, chromoendoscopy; DCE, dye spray chromoendoscopy; ESGE, European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; HD, high definition; SD, standard definition; VCE, virtual chromoendoscopy; WLE, white-light endoscopy.

2.3. Management of Dysplasia

During surveillance colonoscopy, precancerous lesions have been identified as adenomatous polyps, dysplasia-associated lesions or masses, and flat dysplasia [25]. In 2015, the SCENIC international consensus described the term “lesions” based on the standard Paris classification [17]. The AGA Expert Review classified the lesions into polypoid (≥2.5 mm tall), non-polypoid (<2.5 mm), or invisible (detected on non-targeted biopsy) [14]. In patients with well-controlled inflammation, endoscopic resection of dysplastic lesions should be considered. Patients must provide informed consent, understanding the risks, complications, and possibility of surgery if incomplete endoscopic resection occurs [24]. Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are used for endoscopic resection. ESD allows en bloc resection of larger lesions with distinct margins. Nevertheless, ESD in patients with IBD can be challenging due to the presence of fibrosis and chronic inflammation [26]. Manta et al. analyzed 53 patients with UC who underwent ESD for visible dysplastic lesions, showing en bloc and R0 resection rates of 100% and 96.2%, respectively, with the detection of two metachronous lesions. Another systematic review, including six other studies, revealed that the en bloc resection rate was 88.4% for lesions and 91.8% for 208 patients, while the R0 resection rate was 78.2% for lesions and 81.3% for patients. Thus, this study suggested that ESD is a feasible treatment option for resecting non-invasive dysplastic lesions in patients with UC [27]. However, when invisible dysplasia is detected through random biopsies, the appropriate strategies to discuss include intense surveillance, reassessment by IBD experts, or surgical resection based on patient factors (such as age, family history, and concomitant PSC) and disease factors (such as severity of dysplasia, inflammation in the background mucosa, and uni- or multi-focality of the dysplasia) [12][14][24].

2.4. Chemoprevention of IBD-CRC

Various therapeutic agents have been employed in clinical practice to prevent carcinogenesis in patients with IBD [28][29]. Qiu et al. reported in their systematic review with meta-analysis that 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) demonstrated a chemopreventive effect on dysplasia/CRC in clinical-based studies. However, the effect was limited to patients with UC, not in those with CD [30]. According to the recent consensus guidelines, the BSG, the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO), and the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology (JSGE) have recommended the use of 5-ASA for chemoprevention [16][31][32]. The BSG also suggested the use of thiopurines with a weak recommendation [16], but the benefit must be weighed against the potential risk of thiopurines for secondary development of lymphoproliferative malignancies [29]. In contrast, protective roles of statins and ursodeoxycholic against CRC have been controversial. Folic acids might have a protective effect, although sufficient evidence has been still lacking. Biologic agents such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or acetylsalicyclic acid have failed to demonstrate protective effects [29]. Overall, mesalamine has solely been accepted as an effective chemopreventive agent, supported with strong recommendations by the current guidelines worldwide.

2.5. Surgical Management of IBD-CRC

Surgery is indicated for endoscopically unresectable dysplasia due to submucosal invasion, invisible dysplasia detected in random biopsy, or “high-risk” colons, such as those with HGD with PSC [17][33]. Total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard procedure for cases of HGD or CRC [25][34]. Stapled anastomosis is technically simple and superior to hand-sewn in terms of fewer anastomotic complications, better bowel function, and improved quality of life [35]. However, stapled anastomosis may carry the risk of neoplasia arising from a “cuff” of residual rectal mucosa. A systematic review that focused on pouch-related cancer showed that rectal mucosectomy did not eliminate subsequent dysplasia or cancer, but the incidence of cancer increased by eight times (OR, 8; 95% CI, 1.3–48.7) when mucosectomy was not indicated [36]. While total proctocolectomy is generally recommended, subtotal or partial colectomy are optional for patients with significant comorbidities, endoscopically unresectable unifocal neoplasia without other high-risk histological factors, and colonic CD without rectal involvement [24]. Dysplasia or cancer may arise from a diverted rectum or rectal stump left in situ [37]. Derikx et al. evaluated the risk of cancer after colectomy in their systematic review and meta-analysis, including 13 studies involving rectal stump surgery, 35 studies involving ileorectal anastomosis (IRA), and 33 studies of IPAA. The incidence of cancer was significantly increased in the rectal stump (2.1%) and IRA groups (2.4%) compared with that in the IPAA group (0.5%), and the OR was 6.4 (95% CI, 4.3–9.5, p < 0.001) [38]. Another recent systematic review involving 23 studies reported a pooled incidence of residual rectal carcinoma of 1.3%, with an incidence of 0.7% in patients with rectal stump surgery and 3.2% in those with IRA [39]. Bogach et al. evaluated the relationship between the surgical extent and prognosis in their population-based study. The 5-year survival rates were 63.7% in patients with UC and 57.5% in those with CD, and the multivariate analysis revealed that the survival outcome was inferior in patients who underwent total colectomy than in those who underwent segmental resection (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.31–2.21; p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between patients who underwent segmental resection and those who underwent proctocolectomy (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.78–1.27) [40]. Adequate assessment of patients’ risk factors and reasonable decisions regarding surgical procedures are important for improving surgical outcomes in patients with IBD. Ramsay et al. reported a short-term outcome after CRC surgery between patients with IBD and those without IBD. Patients with IBD had increased postoperative complications (adjusted OR [AOR], 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06–1.50) including postoperative infection and deep vein thrombosis. Moreover, patients with IBD had a longer hospital stay (adjusted coefficient, 0.86 days; 95% CI, 0.42–1.30), received more blood transfusions (AOR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.30–1.94), and experienced more readmissions within 30 days (AOR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.01–2.04) than those without IBD. Therefore, the authors concluded that IBD could adversely affect outcomes after CRC surgery [41].

References

  1. Ekbom, A.; Helmick, C.; Zack, M.; Adami, H.O. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990, 323, 1228–1233.
  2. Mattar, M.C.; Lough, D.; Pishvaian, M.J.; Charabaty, A. Current management of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Gastrointest. Cancer Res. 2011, 4, 53–61.
  3. Lutgens, M.W.; van Oijen, M.G.; van der Heijden, G.J.; Vleggaar, F.P.; Siersema, P.D.; Oldenburg, B. Declining risk of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: An updated meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2013, 19, 789–799.
  4. Birch, R.J.; Burr, N.; Subramanian, V.; Tiernan, J.P.; Hull, M.A.; Finan, P.; Rose, A.; Rutter, M.; Valori, R.; Downing, A.; et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology and Outcomes: An English Population-Based Study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2022, 117, 1858–1870.
  5. Watanabe, T.; Konishi, T.; Kishimoto, J.; Kotake, K.; Muto, T.; Sugihara, K. Ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer shows a poorer survival than sporadic colorectal cancer: A nationwide Japanese study. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2011, 17, 802–808.
  6. Leowardi, C.; Schneider, M.L.; Hinz, U.; Harnoss, J.M.; Tarantino, I.; Lasitschka, F.; Ulrich, A.; Büchler, M.W.; Kadmon, M. Prognosis of Ulcerative Colitis-Associated Colorectal Carcinoma Compared to Sporadic Colorectal Carcinoma: A Matched Pair Analysis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2016, 23, 870–876.
  7. Wijnands, A.M.; de Jong, M.E.; Lutgens, M.; Hoentjen, F.; Elias, S.G.; Oldenburg, B.; Dutch Initiative on Crohn and Colitis. Prognostic Factors for Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2021, 160, 1584–1598.
  8. Rubin, D.T.; Ananthakrishnan, A.N.; Siegel, C.A.; Sauer, B.G.; Long, M.D. ACG Clinical Guideline: Ulcerative Colitis in Adults. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2019, 114, 384–413.
  9. Magro, F.; Gionchetti, P.; Eliakim, R.; Ardizzone, S.; Armuzzi, A.; Barreiro-de Acosta, M.; Burisch, J.; Gecse, K.B.; Hart, A.L.; Hindryckx, P.; et al. Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 1: Definitions, Diagnosis, Extra-intestinal Manifestations, Pregnancy, Cancer Surveillance, Surgery, and Ileo-anal Pouch Disorders. J. Crohns Colitis 2017, 11, 649–670.
  10. Ananthakrishnan, A.N.; Cagan, A.; Cai, T.; Gainer, V.S.; Shaw, S.Y.; Churchill, S.; Karlson, E.W.; Murphy, S.N.; Kohane, I.; Liao, K.P. Colonoscopy is associated with a reduced risk for colon cancer and mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2015, 13, 322–329.e321.
  11. Hurlstone, D.P.; Sanders, D.S.; Atkinson, R.; Hunter, M.D.; McAlindon, M.E.; Lobo, A.J.; Cross, S.S.; Thomson, M. Endoscopic mucosal resection for flat neoplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis: Can we change the endoscopic management paradigm? Gut 2007, 56, 838–846.
  12. Huguet, J.M.; Ferrer-Barceló, L.; Suárez, P.; Sanchez, E.; Prieto, J.D.; Garcia, V.; Sempere, J. Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in 2021. World J. Gastroenterol. 2022, 28, 502–516.
  13. Bye, W.A.; Ma, C.; Nguyen, T.M.; Parker, C.E.; Jairath, V.; East, J.E. Strategies for Detecting Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2018, 113, 1801–1809.
  14. Murthy, S.K.; Feuerstein, J.D.; Nguyen, G.C.; Velayos, F.S. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Endoscopic Surveillance and Management of Colorectal Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Expert Review. Gastroenterology 2021, 161, 1043–1051 e1044.
  15. Maaser, C.; Sturm, A.; Vavricka, S.R.; Kucharzik, T.; Fiorino, G.; Annese, V.; Calabrese, E.; Baumgart, D.C.; Bettenworth, D.; Borralho Nunes, P.; et al. ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in IBD Part 1: Initial diagnosis, monitoring of known IBD, detection of complications. J. Crohns Colitis 2019, 13, 144–164.
  16. Lamb, C.A.; Kennedy, N.A.; Raine, T.; Hendy, P.A.; Smith, P.J.; Limdi, J.K.; Hayee, B.; Lomer, M.C.E.; Parkes, G.C.; Selinger, C.; et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut 2019, 68, s1–s106.
  17. Laine, L.; Kaltenbach, T.; Barkun, A.; McQuaid, K.R.; Subramanian, V.; Soetikno, R.; Panel, S.G.D. SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2015, 81, 489–501.e426.
  18. Kawachi, H. Histopathological diagnosis of ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia. Dig. Endosc. 2019, 31 (Suppl. S1), 31–35.
  19. Al Bakir, I.; Kabir, M.; Yalchin, M.; Hart, A. Optimising inflammatory bowel disease surveillance and dysplasia management-Where do we stand? United Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 2022, 10, 1054–1062.
  20. Bisschops, R.; East, J.E.; Hassan, C.; Hazewinkel, Y.; Kaminski, M.F.; Neumann, H.; Pellise, M.; Antonelli, G.; Bustamante Balen, M.; Coron, E.; et al. Advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline—Update 2019. Endoscopy 2019, 51, 1155–1179.
  21. Ran, Z.; Wu, K.; Matsuoka, K.; Jeen, Y.T.; Wei, S.C.; Ahuja, V.; Chen, M.; Hu, P.J.; Andoh, A.; Kim, H.J.; et al. Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis and Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology practice recommendations for medical management and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021, 36, 637–645.
  22. Subramanian, V.; Ramappa, V.; Telakis, E.; Mannath, J.; Jawhari, A.U.; Hawkey, C.J.; Ragunath, K. Comparison of high definition with standard white light endoscopy for detection of dysplastic lesions during surveillance colonoscopy in patients with colonic inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2013, 19, 350–355.
  23. Alexandersson, B.; Hamad, Y.; Andreasson, A.; Rubio, C.A.; Ando, Y.; Tanaka, K.; Ichiya, T.; Rezaie, R.; Schmidt, P.T. High-Definition Chromoendoscopy Superior to High-Definition White-Light Endoscopy in Surveillance of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in a Randomized Trial. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 18, 2101–2107.
  24. Shah, S.C.; Itzkowitz, S.H. Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms and Management. Gastroenterology 2022, 162, 715–730.
  25. Farraye, F.A.; Odze, R.D.; Eaden, J.; Itzkowitz, S.H.; McCabe, R.P.; Dassopoulos, T.; Lewis, J.D.; Ullman, T.A.; James, T., 3rd; McLeod, R.; et al. AGA medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2010, 138, 738–745.
  26. Iacucci, M.; Cannatelli, R.; Tontini, G.E.; Panaccione, R.; Danese, S.; Fiorino, G.; Matsumoto, T.; Kochhar, G.S.; Shen, B.; Kiesslich, R.; et al. Improving the quality of surveillance colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 4, 971–983.
  27. Manta, R.; Zullo, A.; Telesca, D.A.; Castellani, D.; Germani, U.; Reggiani Bonetti, L.; Conigliaro, R.; Galloro, G. Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Visible Dysplasia Treatment in Ulcerative Colitis Patients: Cases Series and Systematic Review of Literature. J. Crohns Colitis 2021, 15, 165–168.
  28. Li, W.; Zhao, T.; Wu, D.; Li, J.; Wang, M.; Sun, Y.; Hou, S. Colorectal Cancer in Ulcerative Colitis: Mechanisms, Surveillance and Chemoprevention. Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29, 6091–6114.
  29. Hsiao, S.W.; Yen, H.H.; Chen, Y.Y. Chemoprevention of Colitis-Associated Dysplasia or Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gut Liver. 2022, 16, 840–848.
  30. Qiu, X.; Ma, J.; Wang, K.; Zhang, H. Chemopreventive effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid on inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer and dysplasia: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 1031–1045.
  31. Harbord, M.; Eliakim, R.; Bettenworth, D.; Karmiris, K.; Katsanos, K.; Kopylov, U.; Kucharzik, T.; Molnár, T.; Raine, T.; Sebastian, S.; et al. Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 2: Current Management. J. Crohns Colitis 2017, 11, 769–784.
  32. Nakase, H.; Uchino, M.; Shinzaki, S.; Matsuura, M.; Matsuoka, K.; Kobayashi, T.; Saruta, M.; Hirai, F.; Hata, K.; Hiraoka, S.; et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for inflammatory bowel disease 2020. J. Gastroenterol. 2021, 56, 489–526.
  33. Oresland, T.; Bemelman, W.A.; Sampietro, G.M.; Spinelli, A.; Windsor, A.; Ferrante, M.; Marteau, P.; Zmora, O.; Kotze, P.G.; Espin-Basany, E.; et al. European evidence based consensus on surgery for ulcerative colitis. J. Crohns Colitis 2015, 9, 4–25.
  34. Bemelman, W.A.; Warusavitarne, J.; Sampietro, G.M.; Serclova, Z.; Zmora, O.; Luglio, G.; de Buck van Overstraeten, A.; Burke, J.P.; Buskens, C.J.; Colombo, F.; et al. ECCO-ESCP Consensus on Surgery for Crohn’s Disease. J. Crohns Colitis 2018, 12, 1–16.
  35. Kirat, H.T.; Remzi, F.H.; Kiran, R.P.; Fazio, V.W. Comparison of outcomes after hand-sewn versus stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in 3,109 patients. Surgery 2009, 146, 723–729; discussion 729–730.
  36. Selvaggi, F.; Pellino, G.; Canonico, S.; Sciaudone, G. Systematic review of cuff and pouch cancer in patients with ileal pelvic pouch for ulcerative colitis. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2014, 20, 1296–1308.
  37. Ten Hove, J.R.; Bogaerts, J.M.K.; Bak, M.T.J.; Laclé, M.M.; Meij, V.; Derikx, L.; Hoentjen, F.; Mahmmod, N.; van Tuyl, S.A.; Oldenburg, B. Malignant and Nonmalignant Complications of the Rectal Stump in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2019, 25, 377–384.
  38. Derikx, L.; Nissen, L.H.C.; Smits, L.J.T.; Shen, B.; Hoentjen, F. Risk of Neoplasia After Colectomy in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2016, 14, 798–806.
  39. Georganta, I.; McIntosh, S.; Boldovjakova, D.; Parnaby, C.N.; Watson, A.J.M.; Ramsay, G. The incidence of malignancy in the residual rectum of IBD patients after colectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech. Coloproctol. 2023, 27, 699–712.
  40. Bogach, J.; Pond, G.; Eskicioglu, C.; Simunovic, M.; Seow, H. Extent of Surgical Resection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Associated Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Study. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2021, 25, 2610–2618.
  41. Ramsey, M.; Krishna, S.G.; Stanich, P.P.; Husain, S.; Levine, E.J.; Conwell, D.; Hinton, A.; Zhang, C. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Adversely Impacts Colorectal Cancer Surgery Short-term Outcomes and Health-Care Resource Utilization. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 2017, 8, e127.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Yoshihiro Sato
,
Shingo Tsujinaka
,
Tomoya Miura
,
Yoh Kitamura
,
Hideyuki Suzuki
,
Chikashi Shibata
View Times: 265
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 31 Aug 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback