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Polyphenols have attracted attention for their anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. Due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of these molecules, they are also proposed as a potential therapeutic tool to prevent complications of cancer and decrease the secondary effects of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.
Compound | Dose | Model | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caffeic acid | 50 nmol/kg | Mice with human colon cancer xenografts | Inhibition of tumor growth via downregulation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling | [13] |
Caffeic acid phenylpropyl ester | 50 nmol/kg | Mice with human colon cancer xenografts | Inhibition of tumor growth via downregulation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling | [13] |
Chlorogenic acid | 20–40 mg/kg | Mice with breast cancer xenografts | Decrease in tumor growth and inhibition of metastasis via an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the spleen | [17] |
Ellagic acid | 40 mg/kg | Mice with human bladder cancer xenografts | Decrease in tumor growth rate, infiltrative behavior, and tumor-associated angiogenesis. | [18] |
80 mg/kg | Mice with induced lymphoma | Induction of apoptosis via an increase in caspase-3 expression and activity and PKCs activity and a decrease in LDH-A activity and expression in ascites fluid | [7] | |
Eriodictyol | 60 mg/kg | Mice with mammary cancer xenografts | Decrease in tumor growth and progression and in lung metastasis | [10] |
Galangin | 25–50 mg/kg | Mice with human retinoblastoma xenografts | Decrease in tumor growth via a decrease in Akt signaling pathway and increase in caspase-3 level | [8] |
Luteolin | 1.2 mg/g | Mice with AOM/DMH-induced colon cancer | Decrease in LDH levels and in iNOS and COX-2 expression in colon tissue | [19] |
100 mg/kg | Mice with human epithelial xenograft | Decrease in migration and invasion | [11] | |
Naringenin | 50 mg/kg | Mice with benzo(a)pyrene induced lung cancer | Downregulation of CYP1A1, PCNA, and NF-κB expression; decrease in lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β; increase in antioxidant enzymes activity in lung tissue | [15] |
Quercetin | 30 mg/kg | Mice with AOM/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colorectal cancer | Decrease in tumor growth and proliferation via a decrease in inflammation and ROS | [20] |
25–50 mg/kg | Rats with DMH-induced colon cancer | Decrease in tumor incidence and multiplicity; downregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in colon tissue | [21] | |
Taxifolin | 4 µg/kg | Mice with DMH-induced colon cancer | Upregulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, downregulation of the NF-κB and Wnt signaling pathways in colon tissue | [16] |
1 mg/kg | Mice with human lung cancer xenograft | Decrease in tumor size via inhibition of PI3K and TCF4 signaling and by decreasing epithelial–mesenchymal transition | [12] | |
Vanillic acid | 75 mg/kg | Rats with DMH-induced hepatic cancer | Upregulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway; induction of apoptosis via an increase in Bad and Caspase-3 genes expression and decrease in Bcl-2 gene expression; decrease in proliferation via a decrease in Cyclin D1 gene expression in hepatic tissue | [9] |
Compound(s) | Cancer Type | Population | Subjects (Age) | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonols and lignans | Bladder | 477,312 European subjects | 35–70 years | Inverse association between flavonols and lignans intake and bladder cancer risk | [25] |
Flavonols, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, flavanones and naringenin | Breast | 877 Chinese women with breast cancer, 792 control subjects |
25–70 years | The concentration of the flavonoids in the serum was associated with a lower breast cancer risk | [22] |
Anthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols | Breast | 233 Mexican women with breast cancer, 221 control subjects |
>18 (mean 53) years | Higher intake of flavonoids reduced the risk of breast cancer, synergistically working with butyl benzyl phthalate | [23] |
Flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanins |
Colorectal | 51,528 US male health professionals and 121,701 US female nurses |
Men: 40–75 years Women: 30–55 years |
No decrease in colorectal cancer was detected | [27] |
Flavonoids | Colorectal | 521,448 European subjects (with exceptions) | 35–70 years | No association between flavonoids intake and colorectal cancer was found | [28] |
Phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and stilbenes | Colorectal and colorectal adenoma | 129 Iranian subjects with colorectal cancer, 130 with colorectal adenoma, and 240 controls | 30–79 years | Higher intake of phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonols was associated with a decrease in colorectal cancer risk. Higher intake of stilbenes was associated with a lower colorectal adenoma risk. |
[31] |
Polyphenols | Epithelial ovarian cancer | 309,129 European women | 35–70 years | No association between polyphenols intake and endothelial ovarian cancer was found | [29] |
Naringenin, peonidin, and catechin | General | 14,029 US subjects | >18 | Inverse association between flavonoids intake and cancer mortality | [32] |
Flavonoids and lignans | Pancreatic | 477,309 European subjects | 25–70 years |
No association between flavonoids and lignans intake and pancreatic cancer was found | [30] |
Caffeic acid and ferulic acid | Prostate | 118 Italian prostate cancer subjects, 22 controls |
Mean age: 69.13 years | High intake of phenolic acids may be associated with a decrease in prostate cancer risk | [24] |
Polyphenols and phenolic acids | Thyroid | 476,108 European subjects | 35–70 years | Inverse association between polyphenols and phenolic acids intake and thyroid cancer risk in patients with BMI ≥ 25 | [26] |
Cancer | Compound | Dose | Subjects | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bladder | Genistein | 300 or 600 mg | 59 subjects with urothelial bladder cancer | Inhibition of bladder cancer growth by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor | [39] |
Colorectal | Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract with 5% of gingerols | 2 g | 21 healthy subjects with a high risk of colorectal cancer | Decrease in the proliferation of crypts | [38] |
Epigallocatechin gallate | 780 mg | 32 subjects with rectal aberrant crypt foci | No difference in the number of the rectal aberrant crypt foci | [36] | |
Familial adenomatous polyposis | Curcumin | 3000 mg | 44 subjects with familial adenomatous polyposis | No difference in the mean number or size of polyps | [34] |
Oral | Curcuma longa phenolic extract | 100 or 200 mg | 12 oral cancer patients 13 normal subjects |
Decrease in IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 content in the saliva. Increased gene expression related to differentiation and T cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment. |
[33] |
Prostate | Cranberry fruit powder | 1500 mg | 62 subjects with prostate cancer | Decrease in serum prostate-specific antigen | [37] |
Epigallocatechin gallate | 600 mg | 43 subjects with a prior negative biopsy, but suspicious | No difference in fatty acid synthase or antigen Ki-76 | [35] |