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Naringin is a nutritional flavanone glycoside that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of a few chronic disorders associated with ageing. Citrus fruits contain a common flavone glycoside that has specific pharmacological and biological properties. Naringin, a flavone glycoside with a range of intriguing characteristics, is abundant in citrus fruits. Naringin has been shown to have a variety of biological, medicinal, and pharmacological effects. Naringin is hydrolyzed into rhamnose and prunin by the naringinase, which also possesses l-rhamnosidase activity. D-glucosidase subsequently catalyzes the hydrolysis of prunin into glucose and naringenin. Naringin is known for having anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tumor-fighting effects. Numerous test animals and cell lines have been used to correlate naringin exposure to asthma, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cancer, hyperthyroidism, and osteoporosis.
Flavonoids | Examples | Chemical Structure with Molar Mass (g/mol) | Food Sources | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anthocyanin | Cyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin |
![]() Cyanidin (287.24) |
Solanum melongena, Rubus fruticosus, Ribes nigrum, Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus |
[4][5] |
Flavan-3-ol | Catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin | ![]() Catechin (290.26) |
Green tea, Chocolate, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Prunus avium | [5] |
Flavanones | Hesperidin, Naringin, Eriodictyol |
![]() Naringin (580.54) |
Orange juice, grapefruit juice, lemon juice | |
Flavanones | Apigenin, luteolin | ![]() Apigenin (270.05) |
Petroselinum crispum, Apium graveolens, Capsicum annuum | [6] |
Flavonols | Quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin |
![]() Quercetin (302.23) |
Allium cepa, Malus domestica, Brassica oleracea var. sabellica, Allium porrum | [7] |
Isoflavones | Genistein, daidzein, glycitein | ![]() Genistein (270.24) |
Soyflour, soymilk, Glycine max. | [8][9] |
The two primary groups of phenolic chemicals present in citrus fruits are flavonoids and phenolic acids. Citrus flavonoids have been proven to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective, and cardiovascular protective effects, according to several studies. The primary class of phytochemicals found in citrus fruits, particularly in the pulp, peels, and seeds, are called flavonoids. Flavones, flavanones, and flavonols are the three main categories of citrus flavonoids. Table 2 depicts the classification of citrus flavonoids isolated in citrus species, major fruit sources, C-ring structures, and substitution patterns [10].
Flavonoid | Molecular Weight | C-Ring Structure | Fruit Sources | Substitution Pattern | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naringin | 580.541 g/mol | FLA FLA |
Citrus paradisi Citrus aurantium |
5,4′-OH 7-O-Neo |
[11][12] |
Neoeriocitrin | 596.5 g/mol | FLA | Citrus aurantium | 5,3′,4′-OH 7-O-Neo |
[7][11] |
Diosmin | 608.54 g/mol | FLO | Citrus sinensis Citrus limonia |
5,3′-OH 4′-OMe 7-O-Rut |
[10] |
Hesperidin | 610.1898 g/mol | FLA | Citrus sinensis | 5,3′-OH, 4′-OMe 7-O-Rut |
[13] |
Rutin | 610.517 g/mol | FOL | Citrus limonia | 5,7,3′,4′-OH 3-O-Rut |
[13][14] |
Naringenin | 272.257 g/mol | FLA | Citrus paradisi | 5,7,4′-OH | [15][16] |
Hesperetin | 302.27 g/mol | FLA | Citrus sinensis | 5,7,3′-OH 4′-OMe |
[12][17] |
Kaempferol | 286.23 g/mol | FOL | Citrus paradisi | 5,7,3,4′-OH | [11] |
Quercetin | 302.236 g/mol | FOL | Citrus limonia | 5,7,3,3′,4′-OH | [13] |
Tangeretin | 372.37 g/mol | FLO | Citrus aurantium Citrus paradisi Citrus limonia |
5,6,7,8,4′-OMe | [18] |
Luteolin | 286.24 g/mol | FLO | Citrus limonia Citrus aurantium |
5,7,3′,4′-OH | [19] |