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Cichorium intybus L. is the most economically important species of its genus and among the most important of the Asteraceae family. In chicory, many linkage maps have been produced, several sets of mapped and unmapped markers have been developed, and dozens of genes linked to traits of agronomic interest have been investigated. This treasure trove of information, properly cataloged and organized, is of pivotal importance for the development of superior commercial products with valuable agronomic potential in terms of yield and quality, including reduced bitter taste and increased inulin production, as well as resistance or tolerance to pathogens and resilience to environmental stresses.
References |
De Simone et al. [20] |
Van Stallen et al. [21] |
Van Stallen et al. [22] |
Cassan et al. [23] |
Cadalen et al. [24] |
Gonthier et al. [12] |
Muys et al. [26] |
Palumbo et al. [27] |
Consensus Map (from Fan et al. [28]) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LG ⟷ Chr |
N.a. |
N.a. |
N.a. |
N.a. |
LG8 |
LG8 |
LG5 |
LG2 |
Chr1 |
LG3 |
LG3 |
LG6 |
LG3 |
Chr2 |
|||||
LG6 |
LG6 |
LG8 |
LG1 |
Chr3 |
|||||
LG1 |
LG1 |
LG3 |
LG6 |
Chr4 |
|||||
LG2 |
LG2 |
LG9 |
LG5 |
Chr5 |
|||||
LG9 |
LG9 |
LG4 |
LG8 |
Chr6 |
|||||
LG5 |
LG5 |
LG1 |
LG7 |
Chr7 |
|||||
LG7 |
LG7 |
LG2 |
LG4 |
Chr8 |
|||||
LG4 |
LG4 |
LG7 |
LG9 |
Chr9 |
|||||
Markers |
16 RAPDs; 72 SAMPLs; 283 AFLPs |
129 RAPDs |
RAPDs |
73 RAPDs; 9 SSRs |
472 SSRs |
SSRs; AFLPs |
170 AFLPs; 28 SSRs; 27 EST-SNPs; 12 EST-SSRs |
727 SNPs |
579 SNPs; 60 SSRs |
Length |
1201 cM |
609.6 cM |
N.a. |
987 cM |
878 cM |
N.a. |
1208 cM |
1413 cM |
1280 Mb |
Source |
C. intybus (radicchio) × C. endivia (escarole) |
C. intybus (witloof) |
C. intybus (witloof) |
C. intybus (witloof) |
C. intybus (industrial); C. intybus (witloof) |
C. intybus (industrial) |
C. intybus (industrial); |
C. intybus (radicchio) |
C. intybus (Grassland Puna) |
Traits/Topic |
Gene or Marker Locus |
Methods |
Citation |
---|---|---|---|
Reproductive barriers 1 |
NMS-related (NMS1, NMS2) |
Genetic mapping (AFLP-based SCARs) |
[12] |
ms1 (MYB103-like) |
Genetic mapping (SSR; SNP) |
||
S-related (S1-S4), MIK2 |
Genetic mapping (AFLP-based SCARs) |
||
Sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis (STL) 2 |
GASlo, GASsh |
cDNA library construction; expression analysis in E. coli |
[37] |
GAO |
Analyses of the metabolites from transgenic yeast; immunoblot analysis; in vitro enzyme assay; GC—MS enzyme assay |
[38] |
|
CYP71AV8 |
Isolation; cloning; coexpression in yeasts; GC—MS analysis |
[39] |
|
GASsh2, GAS1, GAO, COS |
RNA sequencing, transcriptome assembly, functional annotation, gene expression analyses, qPCR |
[40] |
|
Hydroxycinnamates (HCAs) 3 |
HCT1, HCT2, HQT1, HQT2, HQT3 |
In vitro assays of recombinant proteins in E. coli, transient expression in N. benthamiana, SDS—PAGE and immunoblot analysis |
[41] |
Inulin metabolism 4 |
1-FEH I |
Cloning, MALDI-TOF and Q-TOF analyses, and expression in transgenic potato tubers |
[42] |
1-FEH IIa, 1-FEH IIb |
Sequencing, Q-TOF analyses, RNA isolation, RT—PCR, and subcloning |
[43] |
|
1-FEH IIa2 |
Northern blot hybridization, Transient expression analysis, Promoter analysis |
[44] |
|
1- FEH IIb2, CiMYB17, SUT1, SUT2, SUT3,1-SST, 1-FFT |
RNAseq, yeast one-hybrid assay, transfection experiments, transient expression in grapevine (Vitis vinifera), and qPCR |
||
Stress response 5 |
nia gene |
Northern blot analysis, ln-situ hybridization, cloning, and sequencing |
[46] |
PPX1 |
Ion exchange chromatography, construction of a cDNA library, cloning, Expression analysis in E. coli, and ProTox assay |
[47] |
|
CAld5H (bip41) |
Genetic mapping (SNP) |
[26] |
|
DHN1, DHN2 |
Southern blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, cloning, and transcription promoter analysis |
[48] |
|
CiNHX1 |
Cloning of CiDREB1, transformation in E. coli, qPCR, and subcellular localization |
[49] |
|
DREB1A, DREB1B |
Subcloning, sequencing, qPCR, protein localization, and functional expression in a yeast mutant |
[50] |
|
Blue-lilac color 6 |
F3’H, F3’5’H |
Extraction of anthocyanins, cloning of F3’H and F3 5 H cDNAs, and expression analysis in yeast |
[51] |
Flowering time 7 |
FL1 gene |
Cloning, qPCR, construction of transgenics, and transformation in Arabidopsis via floral dip method |
[52] |
Somatic embryogenesis 8 |
nsHb |
Construction of cDNA library in a phage lambda and integration in E. coli, differential screening of the cDNA library, and Northern blot analysis |
[53] |
chi-GST1 |
RT—PCR, Northern blot analysis, and expression of the protein in E. coli, |
[54] |
|
CG1 |
qPCR, RACE PCR, in vivo expression of cDNAs in Escherichia coli, Southern blot analysis, and Northern blot analysis |
[55] |
|
GTP1/2 |
Cloning, library construction and screening, Northern blot analysis, (RACE) PCR, RT—PCR, and expression analysis in BL21 bacterial cells |
[56] |
|
Red discoloration 9 |
PAL1, PAL2 |
Color analysis, RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and qPCR |
[57] |
Gene normalization 10 |
βTUB, UBQ10, SAND, Clath, TIP41, PP2AA3, CYP5, ACT2, PROF, ACT7 |
Determination of reference gene expression stability using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper |
[58] |
ACT, EF-1αM, NADHD, His-H3, rRNA, TUB |
Determination of reference gene expression stability using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper |
[59] |