Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Ning Wang
 -- 2025 2023-02-07 11:46:47 |
2 update references and layout
Rita Xu
 Meta information modification 2025 2023-02-08 03:12:38 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Wang, Y.;  Cao, X.;  Wang, N. Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Effects Coupled Nanogenerators. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40922 (accessed on 31 August 2024).
Wang Y,  Cao X,  Wang N. Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Effects Coupled Nanogenerators. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40922. Accessed August 31, 2024.
Wang, Yifei, Xia Cao, Ning Wang. "Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Effects Coupled Nanogenerators" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40922 (accessed August 31, 2024).
Wang, Y.,  Cao, X., & Wang, N. (2023, February 07). Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Effects Coupled Nanogenerators. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40922
Wang, Yifei, et al. "Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Effects Coupled Nanogenerators." Encyclopedia. Web. 07 February, 2023.
Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Effects Coupled Nanogenerators
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/nano13030385

Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators have been widely studied for their advantages of easy design/manufacturing, small size, and flexibility. Nanogenerators that are developed based on the coupled piezoelectric and triboelectric effects (PTCNG) can make full use of the mechanical energies and achieve both higher output and sensing performance.

piezoelectric-triboelectric nanogenerator coupled effect structure integration

1. Introduction

Currently, artificial intelligence technology and Internet of Things (IoTs) are playing important roles in industry and people’s lives, from managing inventories to improving personalized shopping experiences and assisting in data mining, even transforming how people do business today [1]. Intelligent electronic devices such as wearable devices [2][3][4][5], implantable devices [6][7][8], medical robots, and other products are showing explosive growth and helping people control and detect various aspects of the surrounding environment [9], human health, and energy harvesting [10][11][12]. However, because the composition of artificial intelligence and IoTs require numerous sensors with high performance, low power consumption, and especially, stable and sustainable operation, which is the key to realize the full power of IoTs, traditional electrochemical sensor power sources are facing challenges in this era due to their limited endurance and energy storage capacity [13][14][15].
As a kind of emerging energy-harvesting technologies, nanogenerators, such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) and piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG), are proposed for scavenging mechanical energies from our ambient environment and transforming them into electricity in a distributed manner [16]. TENGs are fabricated based on electrostatic inductive coupling and the triboelectric effect, while PENG is developed based on the piezoelectric effect and generating alternating currents from the polarization, both with advantages of a high output voltage, simple fabrication, lightweight, and small sizes [17][18][19][20].
Since Wang et al. proposed the concept of a hybrid nano-energy-harvesting device for collecting mechanical energy and solar energy in 2009, the strategy of hybridizing or coupling multi-effects together has been widely applied to the design of nanogenerators for collecting single or multiple types of energy [21][22][23]. Among the various all-in-one multi-energy-harvesting devices, the synergism between piezoelectric and triboelectric effects is especially attractive due to the easiness to integrate that comes from their similarity in both structure and operation principle, which means they can be integrated together with a simpler structure, higher efficiency, and other complementary characteristics.
Generally, PTCNG structures are divided into three types [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. In the two-end structure, piezoelectric and triboelectric characteristics are provided by one material. Electrostatic charges are directly added to the material surface, increasing the potential difference between the two surfaces of the film. In the three-terminal structure, TENG and PENG share one electrode, which can increase the triboelectric charge on the PENG electrode. For the four-terminal structure, PENG and TENG work independently. In addition, the polarity of piezoelectric material can be flexibly modulated, which can improve the conversion efficiency of the generator [31]. Previous studies have proved that PENG has the best energy conversion efficiency in the resonant state, which can be mutually coordinated with TENG to activate the resonant mode and reduce the output phase difference to achieve effective hybridization of PENG and TENG [32][33]. At the same time, PENG and TENG have the characteristic of complementary frequency, and both have high stable output power and conversion efficiency under weak low-frequency external stimulation, and thus may achieve efficient and stable mechanical energy collection [28][34]. In addition, due to the wide selection of piezoelectric and triboelectric materials, the impedance matching between PENG and TENG is not difficult, which can reduce the additional energy loss [35]. This helps the two-part work in concert with easy integration, enhanced overall charge density, high flexibility, light weight, and small size. Besides, both the responsivity and specific detectivity of sensors that are developed on the coupled device can be enhanced due to the frequency complementarity and multi-signal division. Consequently, spatially resolved force detection may be realized by recording the different output voltage signals as a mapping figure in smart devices [36][37].

2. The Working Principle of Piezoelectric/Triboelectric Nanogenerator

2.1. Piezoelectric Effect

The piezoelectric effect was discovered by Pierre Curie and others in the research of Rochelle salt, quartz, and other materials. Materials with an asymmetric crystal structure are piezoelectric materials, and common piezoelectric materials can be divided into two categories: inorganic piezoelectric materials and organic piezoelectric materials. Inorganic materials include piezoelectric ceramics and crystals, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate (BaTiO3), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), zinc oxide (ZnO), and quartz. Meanwhile, representative organic piezoelectric materials are polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibers/films and their copolymers [38]. The piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials occurs because when stress is applied to the surface of the material, the centers of positive and negative charges in the material lattice do not overlap and there is the presence of an electric dipole, and when there is an external stimulus, the disordered electric dipole reverses to form a regular and sequential combination of arrangements, and the centers of positive and negative charges move to the opposite surface of the material, forming a built-in electric field on the two surfaces of the material. This is the phenomenon of polarization [39]. This phenomenon of polarization due to material deformation is called the positive piezoelectric effect [40]. If the direction of the applied force is changed, the polarity of the charge will change. However, for the inverse piezoelectric effect, when the piezoelectric material is pressurized, the electric field force causes the dipole to drive the crystal to deform and produce a polarization phenomenon, to show the stretching behavior of the material surface on a macro-level, which belongs to the inverse piezoelectric effect [41].

2.2. Working Principle of PENG

PENG mainly consists of piezoelectric materials and electrodes, and the working principle of PENG is that when piezoelectric materials are subjected to external stress, the positive and negative charge centers of the piezoelectric materials move and a potential difference is formed on the surface of the materials, leading to the generation of transient currents [16][42][43]. To obtain a higher piezoelectric response, it is necessary to go through a polarization method. Due to the positive and negative polarization properties of the material itself, for example, under the same mechanical stress, GaN will produce positive and negative polarization effects with different polarities, but for ceramic or polymer piezoelectric materials, contact polarization and corona polarization methods are commonly used [44]. Due to the irregular “mosaic” of grains in these two groups of materials, the arrangement of electric domains is haphazard and has no polarity, and the electric domains must be oriented in the direction of the electric field by a high-voltage electric field. Contact polarization is to apply high voltage through electrodes on both sides of a piezoelectric material [45]. Corona polarization is based on the principle of corona discharge. At room temperature, the high-voltage electric field will ionize the plasma in the air during the discharge process, and the oxygen atoms with negative charges will be deposited on the surface of the piezoelectric film under the acceleration of the high-voltage electric field. A large number of negative charge ions are deposited on the film to form a potential difference, which makes the electric dipoles reverse, and they are arranged in a certain order. However, for semiconductors, which do not require an electric field to produce polarization, some semiconductors are ferroelectric, and the ferroelectric phase exhibits a spontaneous ferroelectric polarization rate, changing from a paraelectric phase to a ferroelectric phase during the transition from high to low temperature. After the polarization step, the piezoelectric response is increased [46][47].
Since PENG was first proposed by Wang et al. in 2006, many different structures and materials of PENG have been utilized for the preparation of PENG-based energy-harvesting devices [48]. Nowadays, there is a shift from traditional rigid materials such as piezoelectric ceramics (quartz, PZT, and BTO, etc.) to polymeric (PVDF, PDMS, etc.) materials, including composite materials. The flexible design can satisfy more customer requirements and enables the designers to construct customized module functions. To enhance the performance of PENG [49][50][51], researchers have also proposed various structures, such as the vertical growth structure [52][53][54], horizontal growth structure [55][56][57], and stretchable structure [58][59], where the structural and material progress have led to a significant improvement in the performance and extended the application of PENG in human health monitoring, wearable devices, energy harvesting, etc.

2.3. Triboelectric Effect

The triboelectric effect can effectively convert mechanical energy into electrical energy based on coupled triboelectrification and electrostatic induction effects. When a material is in frictional contact with another material, the charge between the two materials is transferred, and the charge transfer is accomplished by the thermodynamic movement of electrons from the occupied high-energy state (valence band) to the unoccupied low-energy state (conduction band). To put it simply, a material with a strong ability to obtain electrons will be attracted from another material, and thus electrons gather on the surface of the material, and then when the two materials are separated, an electric potential difference is formed between the two electrodes because a large number of opposite charges have accumulated on the surface of these two materials [60][61][62][63]. The potential difference determines the energy distribution and density of states on the material surface, which is generated by the Fermi energy level of the conducting surface and the effective Fermi energy level of the insulator [64]. The triboelectric layer can generate a large amount of electric charge through periodic contact and separation, and the generated charge can be energy collected after an external circuit. The triboelectric effect is widespread, and many materials in the process of contact-separation produce the corresponding potential difference, so the choice of TENG triboelectric layer materials is very rich, such as wool, melamine, PVC, etc. The polarity of different materials differs, reflecting the different ability of the materials to gain and lose electrons, and the preparation of high-output TENG should use the polarity of the difference between the materials, and thus the friction effect will be stronger [65][66][67][68].

2.4. Working Principle of TENG

Since TENG was first reported in 2012, much attention has been paid to the collection of randomly generated, irregular, and useless mechanical energy based on Maxwell’s displacement current theory [69][70]. The relative frictional motion of two triboelectric materials generates charges that can be stored through an external circuit for storage. Nowadays, there are four modes of operation of TENG: contact-separation mode, lateral sliding mode, single-electrode mode, and friction-independent mode (Figure 1).
Nanomaterials 13 00385 g002
Figure 1. Four fundamental modes of TENG: (a) vertical contact-separation mode, (b) lateral sliding mode, (c) single-electrode mode, and (d) freestanding triboelectric-layer mode.
Contact separation is the more common mode (Figure 1a) of TENG. Under the action of external force, the two dielectric materials frictionally separate and contact in the vertical direction, and the charge generated by friction is gathered in the top electrode and back electrode. Periodic contact-separation movement generates a large number of charges and forms an alternation current flow through the external circuit, and thus the mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy [62].
The sliding mode is structurally the same as the contact-separation mode (Figure 1b), but the direction of motion of the dielectric layer changes from vertical to horizontal, and the charge is generated during relative sliding. The potential difference between the two electrodes changes with the different contact areas of the dielectric layer, and the potential difference forms a current flow, and a regular AC voltage can be generated through the periodic sliding separation [71].
The single-electrode mode is similar to the vertical contact-separation mode (Figure 1c). In this mode, the ground acts as a reference electrode, and the form of charge generation is also generated by contact separation. In this design, the moving part of the TENG is not connected with any electrode, which substantially simplifies the device fabrication process and improves the operation convenience.
Friction-independent mode (Figure 1d) is generated by the motion of the dielectric layer rubbing the symmetrical electrodes and rubbing the contact parts with each other to produce an asymmetrical potential, allowing the current to flow between the electrodes, but the direction of the current depends on the direction of the motion of the dielectric layer, and the friction-independent mode can adopt either sliding-independent TENG or contact-independent TENG [72].
Nowadays, TENG can be used in various aspects, such as environmental monitoring, biomedical and high-voltage applications, etc. [73][74][75][76][77][78]. Due to the many advantages of TENG, such as diverse material choices, easy-to-design specific structures, low cost, high yield, good stability, and excellent output characteristics, it can bring great power to the development of our society.

References

  1. Li, S.; Ni, Q.; Sun, Y.; Min, G.; Al-Rubaye, S. Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Industrial Cyber-Physical IoT Systems in 5G Era. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2018, 14, 2618–2628.
  2. Li, S.; Zhong, Q.; Zhong, J.; Cheng, X.; Wang, B.; Hu, B.; Zhou, J. Cloth-Based Power Shirt for Wearable Energy Harvesting and Clothes Ornamentation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 14912–14916.
  3. Liu, J.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Molina-Lopez, F.; Wang, G.N.; Schroeder, B.C.; Yan, X.; Zeng, Y.; Zhao, O.; Tran, H.; et al. Fully stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting electrochemical cell array. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3362.
  4. Xu, C.; Yang, Y.; Gao, W. Skin-interfaced sensors in digital medicine: From materials to applications. Matter 2020, 2, 1414–1445.
  5. Zhong, J.; Zhong, Q.; Hu, Q.; Wu, N.; Li, W.; Wang, B.; Hu, B.; Zhou, J. Stretchable Self-Powered Fiber-Based Strain Sensor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 1798–1803.
  6. Dong, K.; Peng, X.; Wang, Z.L. Fiber/Fabric-Based Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Flexible/Stretchable and Wearable Electronics and Artificial Intelligence. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 43.
  7. Lee, S.; Shi, Q.; Lee, C. From flexible electronics technology in the era of IoT and artificial intelligence toward future implanted body sensor networks. APL Mater. 2019, 7, 100243.
  8. Wang, A.C.; Wu, C.; Pisignano, D.; Wang, Z.L.; Persano, L. Polymer nanogenerators: Opportunities and challenges for large-scale applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 135, 45674.
  9. Huang, C.; Chen, G.; Nashalian, A.; Chen, J. Advances in self-powered chemical sensing via a triboelectric nanogenerator. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 2065–2081.
  10. Pharino, U.; Sinsanong, Y.; Pongampai, S.; Charoonsuk, T.; Pakawanit, P.; Sriphan, S.; Vittayakorn, N.; Vittayakorn, W. Influence of pore morphologies on the mechanical and tribo-electrical performance of polydimethylsiloxane sponge fabricated via commercial seasoning templates. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2021, 189, 109720.
  11. Sriphan, S.; Charoonsuk, T.; Khaisaat, S.; Sawanakarn, O.; Pharino, U.; Phunpruch, S.; Maluangnont, T.; Vittayakorn, N. Flexible capacitive sensor based on 2D-titanium dioxide nanosheets/bacterial cellulose composite film. Nanotechnology 2021, 32, 155502.
  12. Sun, M.; Li, Z.; Yang, C.; Lv, Y.; Yuan, L.; Shang, C.; Liang, S.; Guo, B.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z.; et al. Nanogenerator-based devices for biomedical applications. Nano Energy 2021, 89, 106461.
  13. Li, G.; Wen, D. Wearable biochemical sensors for human health monitoring: Sensing materials and manufacturing technologies. J. Mater. Chem. B 2020, 8, 3423–3436.
  14. Yu, Y.; Nyein, H.Y.Y.; Gao, W.; Javey, A. Flexible Electrochemical Bioelectronics: The Rise of In Situ Bioanalysis. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1902083.
  15. Zhang, C.; Bu, T.; Zhao, J.; Liu, G.; Yang, H.; Wang, Z.L. Tribotronics for Active Mechanosensation and Self-Powered Microsystems. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1808114.
  16. Wang, Z.L.; Song, J. Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays. Science 2006, 312, 242–246.
  17. Sriphan, S.; Charoonsuk, T.; Maluangnont, T.; Pakawanit, P.; Rojviriya, C.; Vittayakorn, N. Multifunctional Nanomaterials Modification of Cellulose Paper for Efficient Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 5, 2000001.
  18. Nguyen, V.; Yang, R. Effect of humidity and pressure on the triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 2013, 2, 604–608.
  19. An, X.; Wang, C.; Shao, R.; Sun, S. Advances and prospects of triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered system. Int. J. Smart Nano Mater. 2021, 12, 233–255.
  20. Briscoe, J.; Dunn, S. Piezoelectric nanogenerators—A review of nanostructured piezoelectric energy harvesters. Nano Energy 2015, 14, 15–29.
  21. Chen, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z.L. Nanowire Structured Hybrid Cell for Concurrently Scavenging Solar and Mechanical Energies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 5866–5872.
  22. Xu, C.; Pan, C.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Z.L. Hybrid cells for simultaneously harvesting multi-type energies for self-powered micro/nanosystems. Nano Energy 2012, 1, 259–272.
  23. Xu, C.; Wang, Z.L. Compact Hybrid Cell Based on a Convoluted Nanowire Structure for Harvesting Solar and Mechanical Energy. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 873–877.
  24. Bai, P.; Zhu, G.; Zhou, Y.S.; Wang, S.; Ma, J.; Zhang, G.; Wang, Z.L. Dipole-moment-induced effect on contact electrification for triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Research 2014, 7, 990–997.
  25. Huang, T.; Wang, C.; Yu, H.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Q.; Zhu, M. Human walking-driven wearable all-fiber triboelectric nanogenerator containing electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride piezoelectric nanofibers. Nano Energy 2015, 14, 226–235.
  26. Nguyen, Q.; Kim, B.H.; Kwon, J.W. Paper-Based ZnO Nanogenerator Using Contact Electrification and Piezoelectric Effects. J. Microelectromechanical Syst. 2015, 24, 519–521.
  27. Han, M.; Zhang, X.; Liu, W.; Sun, X.; Peng, X.; Zhang, H. Low-frequency wide-band hybrid energy harvester based on piezoelectric and triboelectric mechanism. Sci. Chin. Technol. Sci. 2013, 56, 1835–1841.
  28. Han, M.; Zhang, X.; Meng, B.; Liu, W. r-Shaped Hybrid Nanogenerator with Enhanced Piezoelectricity. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 7, 8554–8560.
  29. Dhakar, L.; Tay, F.E.H.; Lee, C. Investigation of contact electrification based broadband energy harvesting mechanism using elastic PDMS microstructures. J. Micromechanics Microengineering 2014, 24, 104002.
  30. Li, X.; Lin, Z.-H.; Cheng, G.; Wen, X.; Liu, Y. 3D Fiber-Based Hybrid Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and as a Self-Powered Pressure Sensor. ACS Nano 2014, 7, 10674–10681.
  31. Han, M.; Chen, X.; Yu, B.; Zhang, H. Coupling of Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Effects: From Theoretical Analysis to Experimental Verification. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2015, 1, 12.
  32. Wu, J.; Shi, H.; Zhao, T.; Yu, Y.; Dong, S. High-Temperature BiScO3-PbTiO3Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 7186–7194.
  33. Zhao, C.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Z.L.; Ren, K. A Poly(l-Lactic Acid) Polymer-Based Thermally Stable Cantilever for Vibration Energy Harvesting Applications. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 2017, 1, 1700068.
  34. Chen, S.; Tao, X.; Zeng, W.; Yang, B.; Shang, S. Quantifying Energy Harvested from Contact-Mode Hybrid Nanogenerators with Cascaded Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Units. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1601569.
  35. Zhao, C.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, W.; Du, X.; Zhang, Y.; Gong, S.; Ren, K.; Sun, Q.; Wang, Z.L. Hybrid piezo/triboelectric nanogenerator for highly efficient and stable rotation energy harvesting. Nano Energy 2019, 57, 440–449.
  36. Ryu, H.; Yoon, H.J.; Kim, S.W. Hybrid Energy Harvesters: Toward Sustainable Energy Harvesting. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1802898.
  37. Khan, A.A.; Mahmud, A.; Ban, D. Evolution From Single to Hybrid Nanogenerator: A Contemporary Review on Multimode Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered Electronics. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 2019, 18, 21–36.
  38. Liu, H.; Zhong, J.; Lee, C.; Lee, S.-W.; Lin, L. A comprehensive review on piezoelectric energy harvesting technology: Materials, mechanisms, and applications. Appl. Phys. Rev. 2018, 5, 600–610.
  39. Mistral, C.; Basrour, S.; Chaillout, J. Comparison of electroactive polymers for energy scavenging applications. Smart Mater. Struct. 2010, 19, 075019.
  40. He, X.; Yao, K. Crystallization mechanism and piezoelectric properties of solution-derived ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 112909.
  41. Bagnasco, A.; Delfino, D.; Denegri, G.; Massucco, S. Management and Dynamic Performances of Combined Cycle Power Plants During Parallel and Islanding Operation. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 1998, 13, 194–201.
  42. Wang, X.D.; Song, J.; Liu, J.; Wang, Z.L. Direct-Current Nanogenerator Driven by Ultrasonic Waves. Science 2007, 316, 102–105.
  43. Xu, S.; Qin, Y.; Xu, C.; Wei, Y.; Yang, R.; Wang, Z.L. Self-powered nanowire devices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 366–373.
  44. Waseem, A.; Johar, M.A.; Hassan, M.A.; Bagal, I.V.; Ha, J.-S.; Lee, J.K.; Ryu, S.-W. Effect of crystal orientation of GaN/V2O5 core-shell nanowires on piezoelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy 2019, 60, 413–423.
  45. Shepelin, N.A.; Glushenkov, A.M.; Lussini, V.C.; Fox, P.J.; Dicinoski, G.W.; Shapter, J.G.; Ellis, A.V. New developments in composites, copolymer technologies and processing techniques for flexible fluoropolymer piezoelectric generators for efficient energy harvesting. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 1143–1176.
  46. Park, C.; Ounaies, Z.; Wise, K.E.; Harrison, J.S. In situ poling and imidization of amorphous piezoelectric polyimides. Polymer 2004, 45, 5417–5425.
  47. Chunyan, L.; Pei-Ming, W.; Soohyun, L.; Gorton, A.; Schulz, M.J.; Ahn, C.H. Flexible Dome and Bump Shape Piezoelectric Tactile Sensors Using PVDF-TrFE Copolymer. J. Microelectromechanical Syst. 2008, 17, 334–341.
  48. Sezer, N.; Koç, M. A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Nano Energy 2021, 80, 105567.
  49. Charoonsuk, T.; Sriphan, S.; Nawanil, C.; Chanlek, N.; Vittayakorn, W.; Vittayakorn, N. Tetragonal BaTiO3 nanowires: A template-free salt-flux-assisted synthesis and its piezoelectric response based on mechanical energy harvesting. J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, 8277–8286.
  50. Dutta, B.; Kar, E.; Bose, N.; Mukherjee, S. /PVDF: A Flexible Polymer Nanocomposite for a High Performance Human Body Motion-Based Energy Harvester and Tactile e-Skin Mechanosensor. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 10505–10516.
  51. Sriphan, S.; Nawanil, C.; Vittayakorn, N. Influence of dispersed phase morphology on electrical and fatigue properties of BaTiO3/PDMS nanogenerator. Ceram. Int. 2018, 44, S38–S42.
  52. Choi, M.-Y.; Choi, D.; Jin, M.-J.; Kim, I.; Kim, S.-H.; Choi, J.-Y.; Lee, S.Y.; Kim, J.M.; Kim, S.-W. Mechanically Powered Transparent Flexible Charge-Generating Nanodevices with Piezoelectric ZnO Nanorods. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2185–2189.
  53. Kang, M.G.; Oh, S.M.; Jung, W.S.; Moon, H.G.; Baek, S.H.; Nahm, S.; Yoon, S.J.; Kang, C.Y. Enhanced piezoelectric properties of vertically aligned single-crystalline NKN nano-rod arrays. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 8.
  54. Romano, G.; Mantini, G.; Di Carlo, A.; D’Amico, A.; Falconi, C.; Wang, Z.L. Piezoelectric potential in vertically aligned nanowires for high output nanogenerators. Nanotechnology 2011, 22, 6.
  55. Chen, X.; Xu, S.; Yao, N.; Shi, Y. 1.6 V nanogenerator for mechanical energy harvesting using PZT nanofibers. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2133–2137.
  56. Yang, R.; Qin, Y.; Dai, L.; Wang, Z.L. Power generation with laterally packaged piezoelectric fine wires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 34–39.
  57. Zhu, G.; Yang, R.; Wang, S.; Wang, Z.L. Flexible high-output nanogenerator based on lateral ZnO nanowire array. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3151–3155.
  58. Lee, J.H.; Lee, K.Y.; Gupta, M.K.; Kim, T.Y.; Lee, D.Y.; Oh, J.; Ryu, C.; Yoo, W.J.; Kang, C.Y.; Yoon, S.J.; et al. Highly stretchable piezoelectric-pyroelectric hybrid nanogenerator. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 765–769.
  59. Zhang, X.; Zhang, X.; You, Q.; Sessler, G.M. Low-Cost, Large-Area, Stretchable Piezoelectric Films Based on Irradiation-Crosslinked Poly(propylene). Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2014, 299, 290–295.
  60. Fan, F.-R.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Lin Wang, Z. Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano Energy 2012, 1, 328–334.
  61. Lacks, D.J.; Mohan Sankaran, R. Contact electrification of insulating materials. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2011, 44, 453001.
  62. Wu, C.; Wang, A.C.; Ding, W.; Guo, H.; Wang, Z.L. Triboelectric Nanogenerator: A Foundation of the Energy for the New Era. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 517.
  63. Wu, Z.; Cheng, T.; Wang, Z.L. Self-Powered Sensors and Systems Based on Nanogenerators. Sensors 2020, 20, 2925.
  64. Halbritter, A.; Borda, L.; Zawadowski, A. Slow two-level systems in point contacts. Adv. Phys. 2004, 53, 939–1010.
  65. Pan, S.; Zhang, Z. Fundamental theories and basic principles of triboelectric effect: A review. Friction 2018, 7, 2–17.
  66. Choi, Y.S.; Kim, S.W.; Kar-Narayan, S. Materials-Related Strategies for Highly Efficient Triboelectric Energy Generators. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2003802.
  67. Niu, S.; Wang, S.; Lin, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y.S.; Hu, Y.; Wang, Z.L. Theoretical study of contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators as an effective power source. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3576–3583.
  68. Zhu, G.; Pan, C.; Guo, W.; Chen, C.Y.; Zhou, Y.; Yu, R.; Wang, Z.L. Triboelectric-generator-driven pulse electrodeposition for micropatterning. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 4960–4965.
  69. Wang, Z.L. On the first principle theory of nanogenerators from Maxwell’s equations. Nano Energy 2020, 68, 104272.
  70. Wang, Z.L. Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)—Sparking an Energy and Sensor Revolution. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000137.
  71. Zhu, Q.; Guan, M.; He, Y. Vibration Energy Harvesting in Automobiles to Power Wireless Sensors. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation, Beijing, China, 27–29 September 2012; pp. 349–354.
  72. Niu, S.; Liu, Y.; Chen, X.; Wang, S.; Zhou, Y.S.; Lin, L.; Xie, Y.; Wang, Z.L. Theory of freestanding triboelectric-layer-based nanogenerators. Nano Energy 2015, 12, 760–774.
  73. Cheng, J.; Ding, W.; Zi, Y.; Lu, Y.; Ji, L.; Liu, F.; Wu, C.; Wang, Z.L. Triboelectric microplasma powered by mechanical stimuli. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 3733.
  74. Lee, S.; Wang, H.; Shi, Q.; Dhakar, L.; Wang, J.; Thakor, N.V.; Yen, S.-C.; Lee, C. Development of battery-free neural interface and modulated control of tibialis anterior muscle via common peroneal nerve based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Nano Energy 2017, 33, 1–11.
  75. Shi, Q.; He, T.; Lee, C. More than energy harvesting—Combining triboelectric nanogenerator and flexible electronics technology for enabling novel micro-/nano-systems. Nano Energy 2019, 57, 851–871.
  76. Wang, J.; He, T.; Lee, C. Development of neural interfaces and energy harvesters towards self-powered implantable systems for healthcare monitoring and rehabilitation purposes. Nano Energy 2019, 65, 104039.
  77. Xu, L.; Wu, H.; Yao, G.; Chen, L.; Yang, X.; Chen, B.; Huang, X.; Zhong, W.; Chen, X.; Yin, Z.; et al. Giant Voltage Enhancement via Triboelectric Charge Supplement Channel for Self-Powered Electroadhesion. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 10262–10271.
  78. Zhu, J.; Zhu, M.; Shi, Q.; Wen, F.; Liu, L.; Dong, B.; Haroun, A.; Yang, Y.; Vachon, P.; Guo, X.; et al. Progress in TENG technology—A journey from energy harvesting to nanoenergy and nanosystem. EcoMat 2020, 2, e12058.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Yifei Wang
,
Xia Cao
,
Ning Wang
View Times: 609
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 08 Feb 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback