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Hansen, P.E. Tautomerism of β-Diketones and β-Thioxoketones. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40638 (accessed on 19 April 2024).
Hansen PE. Tautomerism of β-Diketones and β-Thioxoketones. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40638. Accessed April 19, 2024.
Hansen, Poul Erik. "Tautomerism of β-Diketones and β-Thioxoketones" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40638 (accessed April 19, 2024).
Hansen, P.E. (2023, January 31). Tautomerism of β-Diketones and β-Thioxoketones. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40638
Hansen, Poul Erik. "Tautomerism of β-Diketones and β-Thioxoketones." Encyclopedia. Web. 31 January, 2023.
Peer Reviewed
Tautomerism of β-Diketones and β-Thioxoketones
This is a peer-reviewed entry published in Encyclopedia Journal, full entry can be found at 10.3390/encyclopedia3010013

The present overview concentrates on recent developments of tautomerism of β-diketones and β-thioxoketones, both in solution and in the solid state. In particular, the latter has been a matter of debate and unresolved problems. Measurements of 13C, 17O, and 2H chemical shifts have been used. Deuterium isotope effects on chemical shifts are proposed as a tool in the study of this problem. Photoconversion of β-diketones and β-thioxoketones are discussed in detail, and the incorporation of β-diketones into molecules with fluorescent properties is assessed. Finally, docking studies of β-diketones are scrutinized with an emphasis on correct tautomeric structures and knowledge about barriers to interconversion of tautomers.

tautomerism hydrogen bonding biological effects isotope effects on chemical shifts photochemistry

β-Diketones

β-diketones is a very broad subject. The present paper concentrates on some recent developments, primarily since 2008. The β-diketones (see Scheme 1) are a very versatile group of molecules that easily can be synthesized [1], and hence be tailored to fulfill different purposes. In addition, they can be isolated as natural products often with extraordinary structures [2]. β-Diketones are very good synthons [1][3]; e.g., they can be converted into β-thioxoketones (Scheme 2). In addition, they are known to have useful biological effects [2]. A well know example is curcumin and derivatives thereof (Figure 1) [4][5][6]. The physical properties are related to uptake [7]. β-Diketones can form a large number of metal complexes [8]. A group of compounds with similar properties is the β-trioxoketones [9], and a well-studied case is usnic acid [9]. Linear β-diketones may exist as different tautomers (enol and keto- forms, Scheme 1). The key features of the enol forms are strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds, tautomeric forms (see Scheme 1), and a very low barrier to interconversion between the enolic forms.
Encyclopedia 03 00013 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Tautomers of β-diketones. a and b are enol forms, c is the diketo-form.
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Figure 1. Curcumin. The second enolic tautomer is similar to acetylacetone (see Scheme 1). (a) is the enol form, (b) the diketo-form.
Encyclopedia 03 00013 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Tautomers of β-thioxoketones plus the open form.

β-Thioxoketones

β-Thioxoketones (see Scheme 2) and β-diketones are in many ways complementary. Both types display strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds, show tautomerism, and have low barriers to interconversion [10]. The β-thioxoketones are by nature asymmetric and may actually show an open form (Scheme 2). β-Thioxoketones are colored, and they provide a way of exciting the molecules with visible light sources. β-thioxoketones form, by their nature, very good metal complexes [11], some of which also show biological effects [12]. Β-thioxoketones can be synthesized from β-diketones [13] and also from salicylaldehyde [14].
The present review will concentrate on structural studies, including tautomers in the liquid and solid state. The importance of low barrier hydrogen bonds (LBHB) will be discussed and hydrogen bond strength, docking studies, and photoconversion will be assessed. The primary experimental methods treated are NMR and isotope effects on chemical shifts, X-ray structures, and infra-red spectroscopy. The experimental techniques are supplemented by theoretical calculations, including Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations [15][16]. In particular, the low barriers call for advanced calculations both in the liquid and in the solid state.

References

  1. De Gonzalo, G.; Alcántara, A.R. Recent Development in the Synthesis of β-diketones. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1043.
  2. Hansen, P.E. Structural Studies of β-diketones and its implications on Biological Effects. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1189.
  3. Kljun, J.; Ture, I. β-Diketones as Scaffolds for Anticancer Drug Design–From Organic Building Blocks to Natural Products and Metallodrug Components. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2017, 12, 1655–1666.
  4. Anand, P.; Thomas, S.G.; Kunnumakkara, A.B.; Sundaram, C.; Harikumar, K.B.; Sung, B.; Tharakan, S.T.; Misra, K.; Priyadarsini, I.K.; Rajasekharan, K.N. Biological activities of curcumin and its analogues (Congeners) made by man and Mother. Nat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2008, 76, 1590–1611.
  5. Nelson, K.M.; Dahlin, J.L.; Bisson, J.; Graham, J.; Pauli, G.F.; Walters, M.A. The Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Curcumin. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 60, 1620–1637.
  6. Priyadarsini, K.I. Chemical and Structural Features Influencing the Biological Activity of Curcumin. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2013, 19, 2093–2100.
  7. Slika, L.; Patra, D. A short review on chemical properties, stability and nano-technological advances for curcumin delivery. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2020, 17, 61–75.
  8. Malekshah, R.E.; Salehi, M.; Kubicki, M.; Khaleghian, A.J. Biological studies and computational modeling of two new copper complexes derived from β-diketones and their nano-complexes. Coord. Chem. 2019, 72, 1697–1714.
  9. Hansen, P.E.; Mortensen, J.; Kamounah, F.S. The importance of correct tautomeric structures for biological molecules. JSM Chem. 2015, 3, 1014–1019.
  10. Jezierska, A.; Panek, J.J. Investigation of an O-H….S hydrogen bond via Carr-Parrinello and Path Integral molecular dynamics. J. Comput. Chem. 2009, 30, 1241–1250.
  11. Mayoral, M.J.; Cornago, P.; Claramunt, R.; Cano, M. Pyridyl and pyridiniumyl β-diketonates as building blocks for palladium(III) and allyl-platinium(II) isomers. Multinuclear NMR structural elucidation and liquid crystal behavior. New. J. Chem. 2011, 35, 1020–1030.
  12. Andrews, P.C.; Blair, V.L.; Ferrero, R.L.; Junk, P.C.; Kedzierski, L.; Peiris, R.M. Bismuth(III) beta-thioxoketonates as antibiotics against Helicobacter pylori and as anti-leishmanial agents. Dalton Trans. 2014, 43, 1279–1291.
  13. Duus, F.; Antonsen, J.W. Thioxoketones. I. Preparation and Structure of Thioacetylacetone. Acta Chem. Scand. 1977, B 31, 40–46.
  14. Semenova, I.S.; Yarovenko, V.N.; Levchenko, K.S.; Krayushkin, M.M. Synthesis of 1,3-thioxoketones from salicylaldehyde. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2013, 62, 1022–1025.
  15. Becke, A.D. Density functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 5648–5652.
  16. Lee, C.; Yang, W.; Parr, R.G. Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density. Phys. Rev. B 1988, 37, 785–789.
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Poul Erik Hansen
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Entry Collection: Bioactive Compounds in Food and Natural Products: Analysis and Biological Activities
Online Date: 31 Jan 2023
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