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About 3 billion people use conventional carbon-based fuels such as wood, charcoal, and animal dung for their daily cooking needs. Cooking with biomass causes deforestation and habitat loss, emissions of greenhouse gases, and smoke pollution that affects people’s health and well-being. Hydrogen can play a role in enabling clean and safe cooking by reducing household air pollution and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Fuel | Combustion | Emissions |
---|---|---|
Ideal Solid (C, H, O) | Complete | CO2, H2O |
Incomplete | CO2, H2O, CO, NOx, VOC, PM (BC/OC) | |
Actual Solid (C, H, O, N, S, Si, Al, Ca, K, Na, P, As, Pb, Hg, …) | Complete | CO2, H2O, SO2, NO2, PM (mineral ash) Hg, As, … |
Incomplete | CO2, H2O, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, NH3, PM (BC/OC, mineral ash) Hg, As, … |
Micro Combined Heat and Power | Electrical Power Output [kW] | Electrical Efficiency [%] | System Efficiency [%] | Moving Parts | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Micro gas turbine | 2.7–500 | 12.3–46.7 | >83.2 | Yes | [120][121] |
Stirling Engine | 1–50 | 13–28 | >80 | Yes | [119][122] |
Micro Combustor Thermo-Photovoltaic | 0.01–3 | 2–50 | >90 | No | [117][121] |
Micro-Rankine Cycle | 1–10 | 6–19 | >90 | Yes | [118][123] |
Fuel Cell | Scalable (Scalable to match demand from W to hundreds of kW by stacking the cells) | >50 | >80 | No | [124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134] |
Cooking Mechanism | Emissions | Energy Content | Usable Energy | Operating Temperature | Cooking Time | Availability | Safety | Capital and Operation Cost | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solid fuel combustion cooker [19][20][21][22][23][24][28][29][30][31] | CO, VOC (Volatile organic compounds), PHC (polyaromatic hydrocarbons), PM, SO2, NOx, toxic metals, C, and CO2 | 3.5 to 8.6 kWh/kg (wood to house coal) | 14 kWh/kg | 260 °C to 1200 °C | Normal (Conventional cooking time for any food due to controllable operating temperature) | Dependent on biomass or coal availability | Flame combustion | Charcoal cooker; Capital: $15 [72], Operation: $58/month | |
Methane combustion cooker [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][136][137] | unburned CH4, NOx, CO, and CO2 | 10.6 to 12.9 kWh/kg | 21.2 kWh/kg | 600 °C to 1900 °C | Normal | Dependent on methane availability | Flame combustion | LPG; Capital: $72 [138] to $108 [139] | |
Solar | Thermal cooker | No indoor emissions | 980 W/m2 [140], (230 to 742.9 W/m2) [141] | 78.9 W (max) [140] | 160 °C (max) [140], 120 °C (average) [141] | 40 min (6 eggs); 2 h (1.28 kg rice); 3 h 10 min (0.52 kg sheep, 0.14 kg green pea, 0.2 kg sauce) [140], 25 min (1 kg fries, 1 L cooking oil) [141] | Sunshine hours | NA | Capital: $300 to $700 [141] |
PV cooker | No indoor emissions | 1.946 kWh/17 kg battery [72] | 1.946 kWh [72], 1.8 kWh [142] | - | 4 to 8 h (7.8 kg rice, 11.7 kg red kidney beans, 9.9 L water) [72], 52 min (0.1 kg rice, fried chicken 12 min, 17 fried potatoes) [142] | Dependent on energy storage capacity in a battery | NA | e-cooker; Capital; $800 [72], i-cooker: capital (TAC): $933 [142], Operation: $3.88/month [142] | |
Hydrogen | DHCC [91] | Higher NOx emissions compared to CHCC | 33.3 kWh/kg to 39.4 kWh/kg | 42.15 kWh/kg | 1200 °C to 2100 °C | Normal | Dependent on hydrogen availability | Flame combustion | - |
CHCC [78][95][121] | Negligible NOx emissions | 33.3 kWh/kg to 39.4 kWh/kg | 42.15 kWh/kg | Room temperature to 500 °C | Normal | Dependent on hydrogen availability | Flameless | - |