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Chromium compounds are used in many chemical processes as industrial catalysts and pigments for glass, porcelain glazes (bright green, yellow, red, and orange). Approximately 90% of all leather is tanned with chrome, and toxic waste tannery effluents are generated.
Origin | Composition | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Steel leaching | in g/dm3: 20.4–37.2 Ni(II); 11.4–21.4 Co(II); 13.4–24.5 Cr(III); 7.20–8.78 Al(III); 0.02–0.53 Cu(II); 0.04–0.138 Fe(III); 0.11 Na(I); 0.023 Mg(II); 0.023 Zn(II) in mol/dm3: 3.46–4.98 H+; 2.28–3.22 SO42−; 0.16–0.34 Cl− |
[16][17] |
Ilmenite leaching | in mol/dm3: 2.1×10−3 V(V); 5.41×10−3 Cr(III); 0.627 Ti(IV); 0.39 Fetotal; 2.73×10−2 Mg(II); 1.74×10−2 Al(III); 6.4×10−4 Ln(III); 6 H2SO4 | [20] |
Chromium sludge leaching | in g/dm3: 20.64 Cr(III); 2.87 V(V); 5.84 Fe(III); 2.01 Si(IV); 0.83 Ca(II); 0.70 Mn ions; 0.54 Mg(II) in H2SO4 | [21] |
Passivation bath | in g/dm3: 11–20.5 Zn(II); 3–7 Crtot, in mg/dm3: 15–100 Fetot; acidic pH |
[19][22][23] |
Spent tanning liquor 1 | in mol/dm3: 0.042 Cr(III); 0.201 SO42−; 0.35 Cl−; pH 4.35 | [13] |
Spent tanning liquor 2 | in mol/dm3: 0.102 Cr(III); 0.324 SO42−; 0.752 Cl−; pH 3.70 | [13] |
Tannery effluents (six different leather industries in Bara and Parsa districts (Nepal)) | in mg/dm3: Cr 0.7–345 | [10] |
Tannery spent effluent collected from CSIR-CLRI (Central Leather Research Institute), Chennai | in mg/dm3: total Cr 2481; Cl− 36,000; SO42− 28,480; protein 570; lipid 981; pH 4.4 | [24] |
Tannery wastewater after chemical treatment | in mg/dm3: total Cr 2007.08; Ca 755.3; Fe 1.998; Na 31,030; Ni 0.3054; Zn 20.69; SO42− 60,414.61; CN− 2; pH 4.13 | [25] |
Tannery wastewater from Kombolcha Tannery Share Company, Ethiopia | in mg/dm3: total Cr 200; dissolved solid 3000; suspended solid 2100; pH 5.3 | [26] |
Tannery effluent from Mexico | in mg/dm3: 2760 Cr(III); 0.023 Cr(VI); 19,080 Na(I); 832.7 Ca(II); 0.14 Cu(II); 0.029 Pb ions; 0.014 Ni(II), pH 4 | [27] |
Tannery effluent from Mexico | in mg/dm3: 5061 Cr(III); 0.023 Cr(VI); pH 5.23 | [28] |
Tannery effluent from Old Cairo, Egypt | in mg/dm3: 2131 Cr(III); 821 Cr(VI); 249 SO42−, pH 3.6 | [29] |
Chromite ore processing waste (Hackensack River (NJ, USA) | in mg/kg: Cr total 199–3970; Cr(VI) 0.3–19; As 8.9–59.6; Cd 0.7–9.6; Fe 11,100–47,500; Pb 44.7–281; Mn 232–585; Hg 0.08–2.45; Zn 95.3–597 | [30] |
Textile mill effluents (Eight textile industries in Delhi NCR, India) | in mg/dm3: Cr 0.11–0.21; Cu 0.17–0.28; Fe 0.39–0.90; Pb 0.02–0.10; Ni 0.11–0.22; Zn 0.11–0.51; Cd 0.01 | [31] |
Chrome plating industry wastewater | in mg/dm3: Cr(VI) 5721.95; Fe 79.5; Pb 1.095; Cu 28.3, pH 2.09 | [32] |
Steel industry slags | in mg/kg: Cr 2915; Zn 1084; Ba 380; Sr 266; Cu 175; Zr 109; V 92; Nb 62; Pb 59; Ni 26; Sn 15; Mo 11; Rb 11; As 10; Cd 8; U 4; Br 5; Ce, Co, La < 5; Y, Th, Bi, Ga < 3 | [33] |
Chromium slag from Chemical Holdings Co., Ltd. (Fuzhou, China) during chromium salt production | in mg/kg: Cr(III) 112; Cr(VI) 464; Ca 26,600; Mg 3160; Fe 4550; Al 64.9; Cd 1.3; Ni 3.2; Cu 5.8; Mn 10.2; As 4.6; Co 1.5 | [34] |