Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Check Note
2000/2000
Ver. Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 + 3013 word(s) 3013 2020-12-22 06:58:16 |
2 format correct + 1 word(s) 3014 2020-12-22 10:00:16 | |
3 format correct Meta information modification 3013 2020-12-22 10:05:19 | |
4 format correct -1 word(s) 3012 2020-12-23 07:03:32 | |
5 format correct + 9 word(s) 3022 2020-12-23 07:09:21 | |
6 format correct -10 word(s) 3012 2020-12-23 07:13:08 | |
9 format done -2687 word(s) 325 2022-04-13 11:32:33 |
Peer Reviewed
Brainstem fMRI
Upload a video

The human brainstem plays important roles in maintaining basic vital functions. In comparison with brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), only a few fMRI studies investigating the brainstem have been reported because of a number of technical challenges. This entry briefly introduces technical difficulties, recent advances, and further directions of brainstem fMRI in humans. 

brainstem fMRI human
Information
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : , ,
View Times: 395
Online Date: 22 Dec 2020
Table of Contents
    The human brainstem plays important roles in maintaining basic vital functions, e.g., respiration, swallowing, and walking. The brainstem nuclei play essential roles in the regulation of behavior and cognition via cortical/subcortical projections and nerves originating from the nuclei [1]. For instance, the brainstem nuclei for vagal motor innervation are the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and the final motoneurons are the ganglia in the lower respiratory tract and lung, the cardiac ganglion, and enteric neurons in the abdominal organs. The vagus nerve supplies the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus (general motor and sensory); the thorax and abdomen (visceral); and the thoracic and abdominal organs (parasympathetic nerve endings). Parasympathetic neurons in the dorsal vagus motor nucleus innervate the ganglia in the gastrointestinal wall and other abdominal organs. The motor nucleus modulates visceral motor function, e.g., activities of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The brainstem nucleus for the vagal sensory innervation is the nucleus tractus solitarius. As for the swallowing function, most of the motor or sensory nerves supplying to the pharynx originate from the pharyngeal plexus. The plexus consists of the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerves, and superior cervical sympathetic ganglia. The pharyngeal muscles are innervated from the pharyngeal plexus (through the vagal pharyngeal branch), except the stylopharyngeus (innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve) [2][3].
    However, unlike a large amount of brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research, only a much less number of fMRI studies investigating the brainstem have been reported until now due to various technical challenges. This entry briefly introduces technical difficulties, recent advances, and further directions of brainstem fMRI in humans.

    References

    1. Beissner, F.; Baudrexel, S. Investigating the human brainstem with structural and functional MRI. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2014, 8, 116.
    2. Ramachandran, V.S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of the Human Brain, 1st ed.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2002; Volume 4, pp. 543–906.
    3. Standring, S. Gray’s Anatomy; Churchill Livingstone: London, UK, 2004; pp. 441–724.
    More
    Information
    Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : , ,
    View Times: 395
    Online Date: 22 Dec 2020
    Table of Contents
      1000/1000

      Confirm

      Are you sure to Delete?

      Video Upload Options

      Do you have a full video?
      Cite
      If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
      Wei, P.; Lan, Z.; Fan, Y. Brainstem fMRI. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3756 (accessed on 03 October 2023).
      Wei P, Lan Z, Fan Y. Brainstem fMRI. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3756. Accessed October 03, 2023.
      Wei, Pengxu, Zhi Lan, Yubo Fan. "Brainstem fMRI" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3756 (accessed October 03, 2023).
      Wei, P., Lan, Z., & Fan, Y.(2020, December 22). Brainstem fMRI. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3756
      Wei, Pengxu, et al. "Brainstem fMRI." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 December, 2020.