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HandWiki. TLR4. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37161 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. TLR4. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37161. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "TLR4" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37161 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 29). TLR4. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37161
HandWiki. "TLR4." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 November, 2022.
TLR4
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:TLR4

Toll-like receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene. TLR4 is a transmembrane protein, member of the toll-like receptor family, which belongs to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. Its activation leads to an intracellular signaling pathway NF-κB and inflammatory cytokine production which is responsible for activating the innate immune system. TRL4 expressing cells are myeloid (erythrocytes, granulocytes, macrophages) rather than lymphoid (T-cells, B-cells, NK cells). Most myeloid cells also express high levels of CD14, which facilitates activation of TLR4 by LPS. It is most well known for recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component present in many Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. Neisseria spp.) and selected Gram-positive bacteria. Its ligands also include several viral proteins, polysaccharide, and a variety of endogenous proteins such as low-density lipoprotein, beta-defensins, and heat shock protein. Palmitic acid is also a TLR4 agonist. TLR4 has also been designated as CD284 (cluster of differentiation 284). The molecular weight of TLR4 is approximately 95 kDa.

lipopolysaccharide intracellular signaling toll-like receptor

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