Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Camila Xu -- 5729 2022-11-28 01:48:58

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Magnoliophyta. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36877 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Magnoliophyta. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36877. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Magnoliophyta" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36877 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 28). Magnoliophyta. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36877
HandWiki. "Magnoliophyta." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 November, 2022.
Magnoliophyta
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Magnoliophyta

Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (/ˌændʒiəˈspɜːrmiː/), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words angeion ('container, vessel') and sperma ('seed'), and refers to those plants that produce their seeds enclosed within a fruit. They are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders, 416 families, approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species. Angiosperms were formerly called Magnoliophyta (/mæɡˌnoʊliˈɒfətə, -əˈfaɪtə/). Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants. They are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within their seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from the common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. The closest fossil relatives of flowering plants are uncertain and contentious. The earliest angiosperm fossils are in the form of pollen around 134 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous. Over the course of the Cretaceous, angiosperms explosively diversified, becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet by the end of the period, corresponding with the decline and extinction of previously widespread gymnosperm groups. The origin and diversification of the angiosperms is often known as "Darwin's abominable mystery".

magnoliophyta flowering plants angiosperm

References

  1. The major exception to the dominance of terrestrial ecosystems by flowering plants is the coniferous forest.
  2. "Angiosperms | OpenStax Biology 2e". https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osbiology2e/chapter/angiosperms/. 
  3. Biology of Plants. W. H. Freeman. 2005. pp. 376–. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0. 
  4. "The evolution of pollen germination timing in flowering plants: Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae)". AoB Plants 2012: pls010. 2012. doi:10.1093/aobpla/pls010. PMID 22567221.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3345124
  5. "Monocots vs. Dicots". https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8/monocotdicot.html. 
  6. Chisholm 1911, p. 10.
  7. Willson, Mary F. (1 June 1979). "Sexual Selection in Plants". The American Naturalist 113 (6): 777–790. doi:10.1086/283437. ISSN 0003-0147. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/283437. Retrieved 9 November 2021. 
  8. Salisbury, Frank B.; Parke, Robert V. (1970), Salisbury, Frank B.; Parke, Robert V., eds., "Sexual Reproduction" (in en), Vascular Plants: Form and Function, Fundamentals of Botany Series (London: Macmillan Education UK): pp. 185–195, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-00364-8_13, ISBN 978-1-349-00364-8, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-00364-8_13, retrieved 9 November 2021 
  9. Ainsworth, C (August 2000). "Boys and Girls Come Out to Play: The Molecular Biology of Dioecious Plants". Annals of Botany 86 (2): 211–221. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1201. ISSN 0305-7364.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.2000.1201
  10. Chisholm 1911, p. 9.
  11. "Character and description of Kingia, a new genus of plants found on the southwest coast of New Holland: with observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum; and on the female flower of Cycadeae and Coniferae". Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia: Performed Between the Years 1818 and 1822. J. Murray. 1827. pp. 534–565. OCLC 185517977. https://books.google.com/books?id=RjdCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA534. 
  12. Buggs, Richard J.A. (January 2021). "The origin of Darwin's "abominable mystery"" (in en). American Journal of Botany 108 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1592. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 33482683. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajb2.1592. 
  13. Frohne & Jensen ex Reveal (29 April 1996). "Magnoliophytina". Phytologia. 79 (2): 70.
  14. APG 2003.
  15. APG 2009.
  16. Chase & Reveal 2009.
  17. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  18. "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1437–45. October 2004. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437. PMID 21652302. , Figure 2 https://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437/F2
  19. Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. (13 November 2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. ISBN 9780226522920. https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Chloranthaceae+include+four+genera+with+77+species%22&pg=PA114. Retrieved 17 January 2022. 
  20. Five major shifts of diversification through the long evolutionary history of Magnoliidae (angiosperms) https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-015-0320-6
  21. "The origin and diversification of angiosperms". American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1614–26. October 2004. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1614. PMID 21652312.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1614
  22. Zeng et al 2014.
  23. Bell, Soltis & Soltis 2010.
  24. Herendeen, Patrick S.; Friis, Else Marie; Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard; Crane, Peter R. (March 2017). "Palaeobotanical redux: revisiting the age of the angiosperms" (in en). Nature Plants 3 (3): 17015. doi:10.1038/nplants.2017.15. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 28260783. http://www.nature.com/articles/nplants201715. 
  25. Friedman, William E. (January 2009). "The meaning of Darwin's "abominable mystery"" (in en). American Journal of Botany 96 (1): 5–21. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800150. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21628174. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.0800150. 
  26. "New light shed on Darwin's 'Abominable Mystery'". 23 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55769269. 
  27. Bateman, Richard M (2020-01-01). "Hunting the Snark: the flawed search for mythical Jurassic angiosperms". Journal of Experimental Botany 71 (1): 22–35. doi:10.1093/jxb/erz411. ISSN 0022-0957. PMID 31538196. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz411. 
  28. "Biogeochemical evidence for the presence of the angiosperm molecular fossil oleanane in Paleozoic and Mesozoic non-angiospermous fossils". Paleobiology 32 (2): 179–190. March 2006. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)32[179:BEFTPO2.0.CO;2].  https://dx.doi.org/10.1666%2F0094-8373%282006%2932%5B179%3ABEFTPO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
  29. "Oily Fossils Provide Clues To The Evolution Of Flowers". Stanford University. 5 April 2001. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/04/010403071438.htm. 
  30. Glasspool, Ian J; Hilton, Jason; Collinson, Margaret E; Wang, Shi-Jun; Li-Cheng-Sen (20 March 2004). "Foliar physiognomy in Cathaysian gigantopterids and the potential to track Palaeozoic climates using an extinct plant group" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 205 (1): 69–110. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.12.002. ISSN 0031-0182. Bibcode: 2004PPP...205...69G. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018203007570. Retrieved 9 November 2021. 
  31. Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong et al. (July 19, 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms" (in en). Nature Plants 7 (8): 1015–1025. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 34282286. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4. Retrieved 10 January 2022. 
  32. "Angiosperm-like pollen and Afropollis from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of the Germanic Basin (Northern Switzerland)". Frontiers in Plant Science 4: 344. 2013. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00344. PMID 24106492.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3788615
  33. "A Nonflowering Land Plant Phylogeny Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of Seven Chloroplast, Mitochondrial, and Nuclear Genes". International Journal of Plant Sciences 168 (5): 691–708. June 2007. doi:10.1086/513474.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F513474
  34. "Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales". Paleobiology 44 (3): 490–510. 30 July 2018. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.23.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fpab.2018.23
  35. "An unexpected noncarpellate epigynous flower from the Jurassic of China". eLife 7: e38827. December 2018. doi:10.7554/eLife.38827. PMID 30558712. PMC 6298773. https://elifesciences.org/articles/38827. Retrieved 23 December 2020. 
  36. "How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms?". The New Phytologist 223 (1): 83–99. July 2019. doi:10.1111/nph.15708. PMID 30681148.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15708
  37. "Supposed Jurassic angiosperms lack pentamery, an important angiosperm-specific feature". The New Phytologist 228 (2): 420–426. October 2020. doi:10.1111/nph.15974. PMID 31418869.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15974
  38. "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms". Nature 473 (7345): 97–100. May 2011. doi:10.1038/nature09916. PMID 21478875. Bibcode: 2011Natur.473...97J.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09916
  39. "Shrub genome reveals secrets of flower power". Nature. December 2013. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14426. https://www.nature.com/news/shrub-genome-reveals-secrets-of-flower-power-1.14426?WT.mc_id=GPL_NatureNews. Retrieved 21 February 2022. 
  40. "Genomics. Genomic clues to the ancestral flowering plant". Science 342 (6165): 1456–7. December 2013. doi:10.1126/science.1248709. PMID 24357306. Bibcode: 2013Sci...342.1456A.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1248709
  41. "Schmeissneria: a missing link to angiosperms?". BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 14. February 2007. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-14. PMID 17284326.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1805421
  42. Shi, Gongle; Herrera, Fabiany; Herendeen, Patrick S.; Clark, Elizabeth G.; Crane, Peter R. (June 2021). "Mesozoic cupules and the origin of the angiosperm second integument" (in en). Nature 594 (7862): 223–226. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03598-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34040260. Bibcode: 2021Natur.594..223S. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03598-w. 
  43. "How flowering plants conquered the world". 14 January 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42656306. 
  44. Simonin, Kevin A.; Roddy, Adam B. (2018-01-11). "Genome downsizing, physiological novelty, and the global dominance of flowering plants" (in en). PLOS Biology 16 (1): e2003706. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003706. ISSN 1545-7885. PMID 29324757.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5764239
  45. "Genome downsizing, physiological novelty, and the global dominance of flowering plants". PLOS Biology 16 (1): e2003706. January 2018. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003706. PMID 29324757.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5764239
  46. "Archaefructaceae, a new basal angiosperm family". Science 296 (5569): 899–904. May 2002. doi:10.1126/science.1069439. PMID 11988572. Bibcode: 2002Sci...296..899S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1069439
  47. "Palaeobotanical redux: revisiting the age of the angiosperms". Nature Plants 3 (3): 17015. March 2017. doi:10.1038/nplants.2017.15. PMID 28260783. https://www.nature.com/articles/nplants201715. Retrieved 17 June 2020. 
  48. "When flowers reached Australia: First blooms made it to Australia 126 millions years ago". https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191212150904.htm. 
  49. "Micropetasos, a new genus of angiosperms from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber" (PDF). J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7 (2): 745–750. 10 December 2013. https://brit.org/webfm_send/455.  Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  50. "Did the first flower look like this?". BBC News. 1 August 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40780491. 
  51. "The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification". Nature Communications 8 (2017): 16047. August 2017. doi:10.1038/ncomms16047. PMID 28763051. Bibcode: 2017NatCo...816047S.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5543309
  52. "Strategies for Partitioning Clock Models in Phylogenomic Dating: Application to the Angiosperm Evolutionary Timescale". Genome Biology and Evolution 9 (10): 2752–2763. October 2017. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx198. PMID 29036288.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5647803
  53. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  54. "Amborella not a "basal angiosperm"? Not so fast". American Journal of Botany 91 (6): 997–1001. June 2004. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.997. PMID 21653455.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.6.997
  55. "South Pacific plant may be missing link in evolution of flowering plants". AAAS. 17 May 2006. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/uoca-spp051506.php. 
  56. "Cabomba as a model for studies of early angiosperm evolution". Annals of Botany 108 (4): 589–598. September 2011. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr088. PMID 21486926.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3170152
  57. "Using plastid genome-scale data to resolve enigmatic relationships among basal angiosperms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (49): 19363–8. December 2007. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708072104. PMID 18048334. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10419363M.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2148295
  58. The Forgotten Pollinators. Island Press. 2012. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-59726-908-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=YWTZs5fSqb8C&pg=PA41. Retrieved 8 January 2016. 
  59. "Age-Old Question On Evolution Of Flowers Answered". 15 June 2001. https://unisci.com/stories/20012/0615015.htm. 
  60. "Human Affection Altered Evolution of Flowers". 26 May 2005. https://www.livescience.com/295-human-affection-altered-evolution-flowers.html. 
  61. "Dinosaur Feeding Behaviour and the Origin of Flowering Plants". Nature 274 (5672): 661–663. 17 August 1978. doi:10.1038/274661a0. Bibcode: 1978Natur.274..661B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F274661a0
  62. Life: the science of biology. Macmillan. December 2006. pp. 477–. ISBN 978-0-7167-7674-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=1m0_FLEjd-cC&pg=PA477. Retrieved 4 August 2010. 
  63. Paleobotany and the evolution of plants (2nd ed.). Cambridge Univ. Press. 1993. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-521-23315-6. 
  64. "How many species of seed plants are there?". Taxon 51 (3): 511–522. 2002. doi:10.2307/1554864.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1554864
  65. "How many species of seed plants are there?". Taxon 52 (1): 101–104. 2003. doi:10.2307/3647306.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3647306
  66. "How many species of seed plants are there? – a response". Taxon 52 (3): 583–584. 2003. doi:10.2307/3647457. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3647457
  67. "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification". Monographs in Systematic Botany 98: 205–239. 2004. 
  68. Biology of Plants (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 2005. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2. 
  69. Evolution. Golden Press. 1 January 1974. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-307-64360-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=EWGt0bff8agC. Retrieved 8 January 2016. 
  70. APG (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385
  71. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (at Missouri Botanical Garden)". 2011. https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html. 
  72. "Kew Scientist 30 (October2006)". https://www.kew.org/kewscientist/ks_30.pdf. 
  73. "Evolution of Seed Size and Biotic Seed Dispersal in Angiosperms: Paleoecological and Neoecological Evidence". International Journal of Plant Sciences 169 (7): 863–870. 2008. doi:10.1086/589888.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F589888
  74. Gardocki, M. E., Zablocki, H., El-Keblawy, A., & Freeman, D. C. (2000). Heterocarpy in Calendula micrantha (Asteraceae): The effects of competition and availability of water on the performance of offspring from different fruit morphs. Evolutionary Ecology Research. 2(6):701-718
  75. Snustad DP, Simmons MJ (2008). Principles of Genetics (5th ed.). Wiley. ISBN:978-0-470-38825-9.
  76. "Chromosome Numbers and Evolution in Primitive Angiosperms". Taxon 17 (4): 337–353. 1 August 1968. doi:10.2307/1217392.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1217392
  77. "Meiosis in flowering plants and other green organisms". Journal of Experimental Botany 61 (11): 2863–75. June 2010. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq191. PMID 20576791.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferq191
  78. "The evolution of meiotic sex and its alternatives". Proceedings. Biological Sciences 283 (1838): 20161221. September 2016. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1221. PMID 27605505.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5031655
  79. "Taxonomy and Biogeography of Apomixis in Angiosperms and Associated Biodiversity Characteristics". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 33 (5): 414–427. September 2014. doi:10.1080/07352689.2014.898488. PMID 27019547.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4786830
  80. "Meiotic recombination in sexual diploid and apomictic triploid dandelions (Taraxacum officinale L.)". Genome 43 (5): 827–35. October 2000. doi:10.1139/g00-047. PMID 11081973.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1139%2Fg00-047
  81. The Citrus Genome. Springer Nature. 18 March 2020. p. 171. ISBN 978-3-030-15308-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=hsPXDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 13 December 2020. 
  82. Zhang, Shu-Dong; Jin, Jian-Jun; Chen, Si-Yun; Chase, Mark W.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, Hong-Tao; Yang, Jun-Bo; Li, De-Zhu et al. (2017). "Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics" (in en). New Phytologist 214 (3): 1355–1367. doi:10.1111/nph.14461. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 28186635. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.14461. 
  83. "RUTACEAE". https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/RUTA.html. 
  84. "Olive groves: 'The life and identity of the Mediterranean'". Agriculture and Human Values 20 (1): 87–95. 2003. doi:10.1023/a:1022444005336.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1022444005336
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Plant Sciences
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 17.3K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 28 Nov 2022
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback