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HandWiki. Pigeon Toe. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35567 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Pigeon Toe. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35567. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Pigeon Toe" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35567 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 21). Pigeon Toe. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35567
HandWiki. "Pigeon Toe." Encyclopedia. Web. 21 November, 2022.
Pigeon Toe
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Pigeon_toe

Pigeon toe, also known as in-toeing, is a condition which causes the toes to point inward when walking. It is most common in infants and children under two years of age and, when not the result of simple muscle weakness, normally arises from underlying conditions, such as a twisted shin bone or an excessive anteversion (femoral head is more than 15° from the angle of torsion) resulting in the twisting of the thigh bone when the front part of a person's foot is turned in.

infants and children in-toeing anteversion

References

  1. "Intoeing". American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00055. "Reviewed by members of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America" 
  2. Clifford R. Wheeless III, ed. "Internal Tibial Torsion". Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics. http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/internal_tibial_torsion. Retrieved 6 July 2013. 
  3. Todd, Lincoln (2003). "Common Rotational Variations in Children". Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 11 (5): 312–32–. doi:10.5435/00124635-200309000-00004. PMID 14565753. https://journals.lww.com/jaaos/Fulltext/2003/09000/Common_Rotational_Variations_in_Children.4.aspx. 
  4. Rerucha, Caitlyn (2017). "Lower Extremity Abnormalities in Children". American Family Physician 96 (4): 226–233. PMID 28925669. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0815/p226.html. 
  5. Farsetti, P (1994). "The long-term functional and radiographic outcomes of untreated and non-operatively treated metatarsus adductus". J Bone Joint Surg Am 76 (2): 257–265. doi:10.2106/00004623-199402000-00014. PMID 8113262.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2106%2F00004623-199402000-00014
  6. "Femoral Anteversion" (in en). 8 August 2021. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/femoral-anteversion. 
  7. "A reappraisal of the relationship between metatarsus adductus and hallux valgus". Chin. Med. J. 127 (11): 2067–72. 2014. PMID 24890154. http://124.205.33.103:81/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20130382&flag=1. 
  8. "Metatarsus Adductus". http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=metatarsus-adductus-90-P02770. 
  9. Dawoodi, Aryan I.S.; Perera, Anthony (2012). "Reliability of metatarsus adductus angle and correlation with hallux valgus". Foot and Ankle Surgery 18 (3): 180–186. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2011.10.001. ISSN 1268-7731. PMID 22857959.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fas.2011.10.001
  10. Michael Crawford, Donald Green. "METATARSUS ADDUCTUS: Radiographic and Pathomechanical Analysis". http://www.podiatryinstitute.com/pdfs/Update_2014/2014_05.pdf. 
  11. Loh, Bryan; Chen, Jerry Yongqiang; Yew, Andy Khye Soon; Chong, Hwei Chi; Yeo, Malcolm Guan Hin; Tao, Peng; Koo, Kevin; Rikhraj Singh, Inderjeet (2015). "Prevalence of Metatarsus Adductus in Symptomatic Hallux Valgus and Its Influence on Functional Outcome". Foot & Ankle International 36 (11): 1316–1321. doi:10.1177/1071100715595618. ISSN 1071-1007. PMID 26202480.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1071100715595618
  12. "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question". American Academy of Pediatrics-Section on Orthopaedics and the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. http://www.choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/AAP_SO-POSNA-Choosing-Wisely-List.pdf. 
  13. "Internal Tibial Torsion" (in en). 8 August 2021. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/internal-tibial-torsion. 
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