Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Christophe Hano
 + 1395 word(s) 1395 2020-08-20 09:57:43 |
2 format correction
Peter Tang
 + 4 word(s) 1399 2020-12-13 10:30:09 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Shafiq, M.; Anjum, S.; Hano, C.; Anjum, I.; Abbasi, B.H. Nanotechnology in the Food Industry. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3425 (accessed on 15 November 2024).
Shafiq M, Anjum S, Hano C, Anjum I, Abbasi BH. Nanotechnology in the Food Industry. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3425. Accessed November 15, 2024.
Shafiq, Mehwish, Sumaira Anjum, Christophe Hano, Iram Anjum, Bilal Haider Abbasi. "Nanotechnology in the Food Industry" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3425 (accessed November 15, 2024).
Shafiq, M., Anjum, S., Hano, C., Anjum, I., & Abbasi, B.H. (2020, December 08). Nanotechnology in the Food Industry. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3425
Shafiq, Mehwish, et al. "Nanotechnology in the Food Industry." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 December, 2020.
Nanotechnology in the Food Industry
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/foods9020148

The efficient progress in nanotechnology has transformed many aspects of food science and the food industry with enhanced investment and market share. Recent advances in nanomaterials and nanodevices such as nanosensors, nano-emulsions, nanopesticides or nanocapsules are intended to bring about innovative applications in the food industry. In this entry, the current applications of nanotechnology for packaging, processing, and the enhancement of the nutritional value and shelf life of foods are targeted. In addition, the functionality and applicability of food-related nanotechnologies are also highlighted and critically discussed in order to provide an insight into the development and evaluation of the safety of nanotechnology in the food industry.

food industry nanomaterials nanosensors nanocapsules food safety food packaging

1. Introduction

Nanotechnology offers attractive opportunities in the food industry such as for food safety and quality control as well as the production of new food additives/supplements and other flavors [1]. In the food industry, nanotechnology can also be used for the production of packages with enhanced thermal and/or mechanical properties and safety. Indeed, nanosensors embedded in food packaging systems are used to alert consumers when foods have expired. Nanotechnology can also be used to make healthier foods [2]. The variety of nanostructures with diverse properties makes them suitable for addition to foods as well as in packaging products that enhance the nutritional quality of foods [3]. Out of 633 available nanomaterials, 55 are exploited in agriculture and food sciences [4]. A recent report pointed out that food products linked to nanotechnology will account for around 50% of total food products in 2020 [5].

Undoubtedly, nanotechnology is revolutionizing the food industry. Most of the reported applications of nanostructures in food include (i) the improvement of food quality, (ii) bioactive fortification, (iii) controlled release of bioactive compounds using nanocarrier encapsulation, (iv) modification of food structures and textures, and (v) the detection and neutralization of biochemical, microbiological and chemical alterations using intelligent packaging systems (Figure 1) [6]. Different nanomaterials have vast applications in the formation of food products and the improvement of nutritional values. For example, protein nanoparticles are used in the manufacture of food products because protein solubility is helpful in the assembly of protein nanoparticles with preferred functional properties in food substances [7].

Figure 1. Role of nanotechnology in various sectors of the food industry.

2. Different Aspects and Roles of Nanotechnology in the Food Industry

There is an increasing interest in nanotechnology in the food industry. Several applications have been reported in various dimensions, such as the targeted delivery of nutrients and/or bioactive molecules through nanoencapsulation, the use of biosensors to detect and quantify pathogens and alteration of food composition, or fruit and vegetable preservation by edible films (Table 1) [8].

Table 1. An overview of various applications of nanomaterials in the food industry.

Nanomaterials

Type of Nanomaterials

Applications in Food Industry

References

Nanoparticles

Ag, ZnO, Mg, SiO2

Food packaging, oxidation of contaminant, anti-bacterial

[9][10][11]

Nanosieves

Specific nanoparticles

Removal of pathogens or contaminants

[12][13]

Nanocapsules

Bioactive compounds

Increased efficacy and water solubility, local and controlled release

[14][15]

Nano-emulsions

Tweens or spans; gum arabica or modified starch, soy, caseinate

Food encapsulation, food processing, antimicrobial and storage, stability, colorant

[16][17][18]

Nanospheres

Starch nanosphere

Food encapsulation, synthetic adhesives

[19][20][21]

Nanosensors

Aptasensors

Detection of micro-organisms, food deterioration control

[22][23][24]

Nanocochleates

Coiled Nanoparticles

Enhanced nutritional value of food, antioxidant, food protection and stability

[25][26][27]

Nanocomposite

Fe-Cr/Al2O3

Ni/Al2O3

Enhanced shelf life of food, food protection and food packaging

[28][29][30]

Nanomicelles

Aquanova, novasol

Liquid carrier, enhanced solubility

[31][32][33]

In the food industry, production processes are enhanced by nanotechnology, which provides products with better characteristics as well as with new functionalities.

The use of nanotechnologies can be considered from the production phase, which allows a technical innovation in precision agriculture to improve plant growth, but also the detection of and/or resistance to pests and allelopathy. The nanoencapsulation of conventional fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides allows (i) a slower and longer release of nutrients for more efficient use, allowing the optimal growth of plants; while, for agrochemical products, (ii) it allows safer handling, more efficient usage and a more precise dosage of these compounds with less exposure to the environment, thus guaranteeing the better protection of the environment. In addition, the rapid and early detection of plant diseases based on nanotechnology is also attracting attention. The potential uses and benefits of nanotechnology in precision farming are discussed in detail by Anjum et al. [34] and Duhan et al. [35].

3. Nanosensors as Emerging Devices in the Food Industry

Nanosensors are bioanalytical devices that are developed by using various nanostructured materials and biological receptors in an integrated system design. Nanosensors play an important role in the food industry and have attracted much attention in recent times due to their quick detection capacity, integrity and cost-effectiveness [36]. Nanosensors have the potential to be integrated with an array of analytes due to their high sensitivity and specificity. These devices have a high surface-to-volume ratio and excellent optical and electric properties due to conjugation with various types of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles (metallic, non-metallic and metal oxide), semiconductor nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, nanobiofilms, nanofibers, and quantum dots [37][38]. Currently, nanosensors are being used in the detection of food-borne pathogens, adulterants, toxins, chemicals and pesticides which are present in different foodstuffs [39]. They also used to monitor the freshness of food and food packaging integrity [40]. Different types of techniques/methodologies such as cyclic voltammetry, surface plasmon resonance, differential pulse voltammetry, interdigitated array microelectrode-based impedance analysis, amperometry, flow injection analysis and bioluminescence are employed as nanobiosensing tools to rapidly and accurately detect different pathogens, toxins and adulterants present in foods [41][42][43][44][45].

4. Nanomaterials and Devices in Food Safety

In the food industry, the safety of food products is an important issue. According to a recent survey, more than 45% of processed and packaged food items are prone to degradation and contamination [46]. Nanotechnology has played a positive role in solving various issues related to the quality and safety of food products [47]. Currently, different types of nanomaterials and nanodevices such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomic nanovesicles, nanoloaded emulsions and temperature–time indicators are used for the improvement of the quality of food by increasing shelf life, sensing freshness, and detecting chemical, heavy metal, and allergen contamination in food items [48][49][50]. Different nanosensors and nanotracers conjugated with various nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, silicon nanorods, magnetic beads, quantum dost, single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, immunomagnetic liposomes, aptamer conjugated gold, and palladium nanoparticles are also highly efficient in detecting various contaminants and degradants that influence the quality of food [51][52][53]. Additionally, the newly developed radio frequency identification technique (RFID) is found to be well suited for numerous operations in food engineering and supply chain supervision due to its speed and effectiveness [54]. RFID technology may also deliver safety and security improvements for food corporations by tracing the source of contaminants in various food products [55].

5. Safety Issues of Nanomaterials in the Food Industry

As is well known, the use of various nanomaterials in the food industry has numerous advantages; however, at the same time, they also pose serious threats to human health, the environment, and other ecosystems due to their cytotoxic effects [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. Some serious concerns have arisen recently regarding the use of nanomaterials, even those with no toxic element in their composition, but they have an inherent potential risk due to their small size and subcellular interaction with cells [66]. For example, some nanoparticles have the ability to penetrate within skin and cause health problems in humans as well as in animals. Nanoparticles can cause genomic and proteomic changes even in plants and can affect their growth rate [67]. Experimental studies have shown that single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes can induce fibrosis as well as oxidative stress in the lungs of models animals such as mice and rats [68].

The bioaccumulation of nanomaterials derived from either nanopackaging or nanoprocessed items has been confirmed in food and human beings [69]. Therefore, the risk assessment procedures must be strictly followed while processing food items [70][71]. Even with the advent of nanotechnology, the challenges to the development of a healthy and sustainable food industry remain obscure. With the intervention of nanotechnology in the food industry, the public should be educated regarding the possible risks associated with nanomaterials to human health and the environment. Several EU and non-EU countries have designed several regulatory frameworks for dealing with nanomaterials to ensure the safety of nanoproducts in feed, agriculture and food sectors [72]. Additionally, supervisory authorities such as the FDA and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have made several amendments to various criteria intended for marketable foodstuffs in terms of health and the quality and safety of products [73].

References

  1. Dimitrijevic, M.; Karabasil, N.; Boskovic, M.; Teodorovic, V.; Vasilev, D.; Djordjevic, V.; Kilibarda, N.; Cobanovic, N. Safety aspects of nanotechnology applications in food packaging. Procedia Food Sci. 2015, 5, 57–60.
  2. Gokularaman, S.; Cruz, S.A.; Pragalyaashree, M.; Nishadh, A. Nanotechnology approach in food packaging-review. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2017, 9, 1743–1749.
  3. Aditya, A.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Gupta, N.; Alam, S.; Veedu, A.P.; Pal, M.; Singh, A.; Santhiya, D.; Ansari, K.M.; Ganguli, M. ZnO nanoparticles modified with an amphipathic peptide show improved photoprotection in skin. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 11, 56–72.
  4. Belluco, S.; Gallocchio, F.; Losasso, C.; Ricci, A. State of art of nanotechnology applications in the meat chain: A qualitative synthesis. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018, 58, 1084–1096.
  5. Jiménez, D.; de Miguel-Díez, J.; Guijarro, R.; Trujillo-Santos, J.; Otero, R.; Barba, R.; Muriel, A.; Meyer, G.; Yusen, R.D.; Monreal, M. Trends in the management and outcomes of acute pulmonary embolism: Analysis from the RIETE registry. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016, 67, 162–170.
  6. Steinvil, A.; Zhang, Y.-J.; Lee, S.Y.; Pang, S.; Waksman, R.; Chen, S.-L.; Garcia-Garcia, H.M. Intravascular ultrasound-guided drug-eluting stent implantation: An updated meta-analysis of randomized control trials and observational studies. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016, 216, 133–139.
  7. Xu, W. Three-Dimensional Printing of Wood Derived Biopolymers Towards Biomedical Applications. Ph.D. Thesis, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, 2019.
  8. Durán, N.; Marcato, P.D. Nanobiotechnology perspectives. Role of nanotechnology in the food industry: A review. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2013, 48, 1127–1134.
  9. Shi, L.-E.; Li, Z.-H.; Zheng, W.; Zhao, Y.-F.; Jin, Y.-F.; Tang, Z.-X. Synthesis, antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism and food applications of ZnO nanoparticles: A review. Food Addit. Contam. Part A 2014, 31, 173–186.
  10. Chernousova, S.; Epple, M. Silver as antibacterial agent: Ion, nanoparticle, and metal. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 1636–1653.
  11. Hoseinnejad, M.; Jafari, S.M.; Katouzian, I. Inorganic and metal nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity in food packaging applications. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2018, 44, 161–181.
  12. Maguire-Boyle, S.J.; Liga, M.V.; Li, Q.; Barron, A.R. Alumoxane/Ferroxane nanoparticles for the removal of viral pathogens: The importance of surface functionality to nanoparticle activity. Nanoscale 2012, 4, 5627–5632.
  13. Smith, S.C.; Rodrigues, D.F. Carbon-Based nanomaterials for removal of chemical and biological contaminants from water: A review of mechanisms and applications. Carbon 2015, 91, 122–143.
  14. Cosco, D.; Paolino, D.; De Angelis, F.; Cilurzo, F.; Celia, C.; Di Marzio, L.; Russo, D.; Tsapis, N.; Fattal, E.; Fresta, M. Aqueous-Core PEG-coated PLA nanocapsules for an efficient entrapment of water soluble anticancer drugs and a smart therapeutic response. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2015, 89, 30–39.
  15. Yun, G.; Hassan, Z.; Lee, J.; Kim, J.; Lee, N.S.; Kim, N.H.; Baek, K.; Hwang, I.; Park, C.G.; Kim, K. Highly stable, water‐dispersible metal‐nanoparticle‐decorated polymer nanocapsules and their catalytic applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 6414–6418.
  16. Silva, H.D.; Cerqueira, M.Â.; Vicente, A.A. Nanoemulsions for food applications: Development and characterization. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2012, 5, 854–867.
  17. Sugumar, S.; Nirmala, J.; Ghosh, V.; Anjali, H.; Mukherjee, A.; Chandrasekaran, N. Bio‐Based nanoemulsion formulation, characterization and antibacterial activity against food‐borne pathogens. J. Basic Microbiol. 2013, 53, 677–685.
  18. Gupta, A.; Eral, H.B.; Hatton, T.A.; Doyle, P.S. Nanoemulsions: Formation, properties and applications. Soft Matter 2016, 12, 2826–2841.
  19. Liang, J.; Yan, H.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Y.; Gao, X.; Puligundla, P.; Wan, X. Encapsulation of epigallocatechin gallate in zein/chitosan nanoparticles for controlled applications in food systems. Food Chem. 2017, 231, 19–24.
  20. Mozafari, M.R.; Johnson, C.; Hatziantoniou, S.; Demetzos, C. Nanoliposomes and their applications in food nanotechnology. J. Liposome Res. 2008, 18, 309–327.
  21. López, O.V.; Castillo, L.A.; Garcia, M.A.; Villar, M.A.; Barbosa, S.E. Food packaging bags based on thermoplastic corn starch reinforced with talc nanoparticles. Food Hydrocoll. 2015, 43, 18–24.
  22. Sutarlie, L.; Ow, S.Y.; Su, X. Nanomaterials‐Based biosensors for detection of microorganisms and microbial toxins. Biotechnol. J. 2017, 12, doi:10.1002/biot.201500459.
  23. Fuertes, G.; Soto, I.; Carrasco, R.; Vargas, M.; Sabattin, J.; Lagos, C. Intelligent packaging systems: Sensors and nanosensors to monitor food quality and safety. J. Sens. 2016, 2016, doi:10.1155/2016/4046061.
  24. Majdinasab, M.; Hayat, A.; Marty, J.L. Aptamer-Based assays and aptasensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria in food samples. Trac Trends Anal. Chem. 2018, 107, 60–77.
  25. Luykx, D.M.; Peters, R.J.; van Ruth, S.M.; Bouwmeester, H. A review of analytical methods for the identification and characterization of nano delivery systems in food. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 8231–8247.
  26. Singh, P. Nanotechnology in food preservation. Food Sci. 2018, 9, 435–441.
  27. Kaya-Celiker, H.; Mallikarjunan, K. Better nutrients and therapeutics delivery in food through nanotechnology. Food Eng. Rev. 2012, 4, 114–123.
  28. Llorens, A.; Lloret, E.; Picouet, P.A.; Trbojevich, R.; Fernandez, A. Metallic-Based micro and nanocomposites in food contact materials and active food packaging. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2012, 24, 19–29.
  29. de Azeredo, H.M.C.; Mattoso, L.H.C.; McHugh, T.H. Nanocomposites in food packaging–A review. In Advances in Diverse Industrial Applications of Nanocomposites; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2011; pp. 57–78.
  30. Rai, M.; Ingle, A.P.; Gupta, I.; Pandit, R.; Paralikar, P.; Gade, A.; Chaud, M.V.; dos Santos, C.A. Smart nanopackaging for the enhancement of food shelf life. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2019, 17, 277–290.
  31. Dasgupta, N.; Ranjan, S. Nanotechnology in food sector. In An Introduction to Food Grade Nanoemulsions; Springer: Singapore, 2018; pp. 1–18.
  32. Yang, Y.; Guo, Y.; Sun, R.; Wang, X. Self-Assembly and β-carotene loading capacity of hydroxyethyl cellulose-graft-linoleic acid nanomicelles. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 145, 56–63.
  33. Dickinson, E. Microgels—An alternative colloidal ingredient for stabilization of food emulsions. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 43, 178–188.
  34. Anjum, M.; Pradhan, S.N. Application of nanotechnology in precision farming: A review. IJCS 2018, 6, 755–760.
  35. Duhan, J.S.; Kumar, R.; Kumar, N.; Kaur, P.; Nehra, K.; Duhan, S. Nanotechnology: The new perspective in precision agriculture. Biotechnol. Rep. 2017, 15, 11–23.
  36. Gálvez, A.; Abriouel, H.; López, R.L.; Omar, N.B. Bacteriocin-Based strategies for food biopreservation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 120, 51–70.
  37. Duncan, T.V. Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safety: Barrier materials, antimicrobials and sensors. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2011, 363, 1–24.
  38. Shivakumar, N.; Madhusudan, P.; Daniel, S.K. Nanomaterials for smart food packaging. In Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 260–270.
  39. Rai, M.; Gade, A.; Gaikwad, S.; Marcato, P.D.; Durán, N. Biomedical applications of nanobiosensors: The state-of-the-art. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2012, 23, 14–24.
  40. Kuswandi, B.; Moradi, M. Improvement of food packaging based on functional nanomaterial. In Nanotechnology: Applications in Energy, Drug and Food; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 309–344.
  41. Pathakoti, K.; Manubolu, M.; Hwang, H.-M. Nanostructures: Current uses and future applications in food science. J. Food Drug Anal. 2017, 25, 245–253.
  42. Sánchez-Acevedo, Z.C.; Riu, J.; Rius, F.X. Fast picomolar selective detection of bisphenol A in water using a carbon nanotube field effect transistor functionalized with estrogen receptor-α. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24, 2842–2846.
  43. Scandurra, G.; Arena, A.; Ciofi, C.; Saitta, G. Electrical characterization and hydrogen peroxide sensing properties of gold/nafion: Polypyrrole/MWCNTs electrochemical devices. Sensors 2013, 13, 3878–3888.
  44. Villamizar, R.A.; Maroto, A.; Rius, F.X.; Inza, I.; Figueras, M.J. Fast detection of Salmonella Infantis with carbon nanotube field effect transistors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2008, 24, 279–283.
  45. Welch, C.; Banks, C.; Simm, A.; Compton, R. Silver nanoparticle assemblies supported on glassy-carbon electrodes for the electro-analytical detection of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2005, 382, 12–21.
  46. Monteiro, C.A.; Cannon, G.; Moubarac, J.-C.; Levy, R.B.; Louzada, M.L.C.; Jaime, P.C. The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 5–17.
  47. Devaramani, S.; Malingappa, P. Synthesis and characterization of cobalt nitroprusside nano particles: Application to sulfite sensing in food and water samples. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 85, 579–587.
  48. Rahman, N.A. Applications of polymeric nanoparticles in food sector. In Nanotechnology: Applications in Energy, Drug and Food, Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 345–359.
  49. Tran, Q.H.; Le, A.-T. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, toxicology, applications and perspectives. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 033001.
  50. Verma, P.; Maheshwari, S.K. Applications of Silver nanoparticles in diverse sectors. Int. J. Nano Dimens. 2019, 10, 18–36.
  51. Majidi, M.R.; Baj, R.F.B.; Naseri, A. Carbon nanotube-ionic liquid (CNT-IL) nanocamposite modified sol-gel derived carbon-ceramic electrode for simultaneous determination of sunset yellow and tartrazine in food samples. Food Anal. Methods 2013, 6, 1388–1397.
  52. Sastry, R.K.; Rashmi, H.; Rao, N. Nanotechnology for enhancing food security in India. Food Policy 2011, 36, 391–400.
  53. Wesley, S.J.; Raja, P.; Raj, A.; Tiroutchelvamae, D. Review on-nanotechnology applications in food packaging and safety. Int. J. Eng. Res. 2014, 3, 645–651.
  54. Boverhof, D.R.; Bramante, C.M.; Butala, J.H.; Clancy, S.F.; Lafranconi, M.; West, J.; Gordon, S.C. Comparative assessment of nanomaterial definitions and safety evaluation considerations. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2015, 73, 137–150.
  55. Brody, A.L.; Bugusu, B.; Han, J.H.; Sand, C.K.; Mchugh, T.H. Innovative food packaging solutions. J. Food Sci. 2008, 73, 107–116.
  56. Gonzalez, N.; Johnston, L. Safety of engineered nanomaterials. Chem. Int. 2018, 40, 28–29.
  57. Yao, S.; Swetha, P.; Zhu, Y. Nanomaterial‐Enabled wearable sensors for healthcare. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018, 7, doi:10.1002/adhm.201700889.
  58. Higashisaka, K.; Yoshioka, Y.; Tsutsumi, Y. Applications and safety of nanomaterials used in the food industry. Food Saf. 2015, 3, 39–47.
  59. Chaturvedi, S.; Dave, P.N. Nanomaterials: Environmental, human health risk. In Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 1055–1062.
  60. Yuan, X.; Zhang, X.; Sun, L.; Wei, Y.; Wei, X. Cellular toxicity and immunological effects of carbon-based nanomaterials. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2019, 16, 18.
  61. Sing, T.; Shukla, S.; Kumar, P.; Wahla, V.; Bajpai, V.K.; Rather, I.A. Corrigendum: Application of nanotechnology in food science: Perception and overview. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 2517. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01501
  62. Bradley, E.L.; Castle, L.; Chaudhry, Q. Applications of nanomaterials in food packaging with a consideration of opportunities for developing countries. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 22, 604–610.
  63. Athinarayanan, J.; Periasamy, V.S.; Alsaif, M.A.; Al-Warthan, A.A.; Alshatwi, A.A. Presence of nanosilica (E551) in commercial food products: TNF-mediated oxidative stress and altered cell cycle progression in human lung fibroblast cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 2014, 30, 89–100.
  64. Mahler, G.J.; Esch, M.B.; Tako, E.; Southard, T.L.; Archer, S.D.; Glahn, R.P.; Shuler, M.L. Oral exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles affects iron absorption. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 264.
  65. Karlsson, H.L.; Toprak, M.S.; Fadeel, B. Toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. In Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2015; pp. 75–112.
  66. Yang, L.; Luo, X.-B.; Luo, S.-L. Assessment on Toxicity of Nanomaterials. In Nanomaterials for the Removal of Pollutants and Resource Reutilization, Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019; pp. 273–292.
  67. Rizwan, M.; Ali, S.; Qayyum, M.F.; Ok, Y.S.; Adrees, M.; Ibrahim, M.; Zia-ur-Rehman, M.; Farid, M.; Abbas, F. Effect of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on growth and physiology of globally important food crops: A critical review. J. Hazard. Mater. 2017, 322, 2–16.
  68. Wen, K.P.; Chen, Y.C.; Chuang, C.H.; Chang, H.Y.; Lee, C.Y.; Tai, N.H. Accumulation and toxicity of intravenously‐injected functionalized graphene oxide in mice. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2015, 35, 1211–1218.
  69. Abo-Elseoud, W.S.; Hassan, M.L.; Sabaa, M.W.; Basha, M.; Hassan, E.A.; Fadel, S.M. Chitosan nanoparticles/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposites as a carrier system for the controlled release of repaglinide. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 111, 604–613.
  70. Fortunati, E.; Mazzaglia, A.; Balestra, G.M. Sustainable control strategies for plant protection and food packaging sectors by natural substances and novel nanotechnological approaches. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2019, 99, 986–1000.
  71. Ghosh, C.; Bera, D.; Roy, L. Role of Nanomaterials in Food Preservation. In Microbial Nanobionics; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 181–211.
  72. Amenta, V.; Aschberger, K.; Arena, M.; Bouwmeester, H.; Moniz, F.B.; Brandhoff, P.; Gottardo, S.; Marvin, H.J.; Mech, A.; Pesudo, L.Q. Regulatory aspects of nanotechnology in the agri/feed/food sector in EU and non-EU countries. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2015, 73, 463–476.
  73. Kookana, R.S.; Boxall, A.B.; Reeves, P.T.; Ashauer, R.; Beulke, S.; Chaudhry, Q.; Cornelis, G.; Fernandes, T.F.; Gan, J.; Kah, M. Nanopesticides: Guiding principles for regulatory evaluation of environmental risks. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 4227–4240.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Mehwish Shafiq
,
Sumaira Anjum
,
Christophe Hano
,
Iram Anjum
,
Bilal Haider Abbasi
View Times: 1.7K
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 13 Dec 2020
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback