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1. Konrad Ehlich; Johannes Wagner (1995). "Negotiation discourse and interaction in a cross-cultural perspective". The Discourse of Business Negotiation (Studies in Anthropological Linguistics). De Gruyter Mouton. p. 185. ISBN 978-3110140392. "This also explains why bargaining spans tend to be so great at the outset: this should by no means be interpreted (as many Northwest European people would probably do) as lack of empathy or concern with the other party's standpoint, but rather a tension-creating device" 
2. Ian Haney López (2006). "Ozawa and Thind". White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. NYU Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0814736944. ""In a variety of surveys, the American population ranked Northwestern Europeans highest, then the South-Central-Eastern Europeans, in turn the Japanese and Chinese, and finally blacks." A year after the decision in Thind, Congress responded to this popular prejudice with immigration quotas" 
3. Leslie Page Moch (2009). "Migration in the Twentieth Century". Moving Europeans, Second Edition: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Indiana University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0253215956. "Among the immigrant groups from cultures whose religious practices and perceived appearance were distinct from those of northwestern Europeans, the Turks are most important." 
4. Martin Richards; Vincent Macaulay; Antonio Torroni; Hans-Jürgen Bandelt (2002), "In Search of Geographical Patterns in European Mitochondrial DNA", American Journal of Human Genetics, Cell Press, "In a comparison of three genetic marker systems, Wilson et al. (2001) showed that northwestern Europeans could be clearly distinguished from both Basques and Near Easterners on the basis of both mtDNA and X chromosome microsatellites." 
5. Sandosh Padmanabhan (2014). "Part VII: Application in Therapeutics". Handbook of Pharmacogenomics and Stratified Medicine. Academic Press. p. 454. ISBN 978-0123868824. "Additionally, this analysis revealed an independent association with the SNP rs2523822, a known tag for the class I HLA allele A*02:01 among Northwestern Europeans. ... These findings likely reflect LD patterns, as it is known that rs2523822 and HLA-A*02:01 exist in strong LD among Northwestern European populations but not among Southern Europeans." 
6. "Fatherhood Tied to Higher Prostate Cancer Risk". ABC News. 24 March 2008. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story?id=4509960&page=1. "Dr. Susan Harlap, now a professor of epidemiology at New York University, led that Israeli study ... "The incidence of prostate cancer is different in Israeli Jews than in northwestern Europeans," Harlap said. "It may be a different disease, and there may be a different set of causes. We do know there are genetic causes of prostate cancer, and there could be different sets of genes in Israeli Jews than in northwestern Europeans."" 
7. Elizabeth F. Cohen (March 13, 2019). "What Immigration Restrictionists Can’t Foresee". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/03/you-cant-control-demographics-immigration-policy/584722/. "Instead of engineering a population of highly educated, northwestern Europeans, the authors of the legislation created new immigrant communities that persist to this day." 
8. "Does cloudy weather make you ginger?". The Daily Telegraph. 7 November 2012. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/9661568/Does-cloudy-weather-make-you-ginger.html. "Provisional statistics indicate that between two and six per cent of northwest Europeans are redheads, compared to an average of one or two per cent in the world population. But in the UK the numbers are much higher, with 13 per cent of Scots, 10 per cent of the Irish, and six per cent of individuals in England having red hair." 
9. Encyclopædia Britannica 2004: Coal mining: ancient use of outcropping coal
10. Ian Morris (2015). "Fossil Fuels". Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels: How Human Values Evolve. Princeton University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0691160399. "Fossil-fuel society is the product of two innovations. The first, which some northwest Europeans had already made two thousand years ago, was the discovery that coal could be burned to release heat." 
11. James M. Blaut (1992). "The Theory of Cultural Racism". Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography. 23. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 289–299. "This then becomes a general theory explaining what some call the "European miracle," by arguing that the (mythically unique) European family, nuclear, late-marrying, companionate, led to population control (Hall [1985: 131] speaks of "the relative continence of the European family"); led also to a capitalist mentality (Macfarlane 1986; Laslett 1988); even led unmarried European men to go forth and conquer the world because of their sexual frustration (Stone 1977: 54)." 
12. Gayle K. Brunelle. "Book Review: The Household and the Making of History". University of Illinois Press. https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/2.1/br_brunnell.html. "The consequences of this change in marriage patterns were enormous, Hartman contends, and underlay many of the most momentous developments in Western history, such as the growth of state power and industrialization. The unstable households that late-marriage patterns fostered obliged Northwestern Europeans to devise new institutions to perform services that extended families offered in early-marriage societies." 
13. Ian Morris (2014). "Energy Capture". The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations. Princeton University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0691160863. "The advanced agriculturalists of the late Middle Ages were already capturing 26,000 kcal/cap/day, early modern Northwest Europeans around 1700 CE must have been consuming somewhere between 30,000 and 35,000 kcal/cap/day." 
14. Herbert S. Klein (2012). "Colonization and Settlement of North America". A Population History of the United States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 978-1107613621. "The distribution of the pre-columbian Amerindian population would have as much influence on the settlement patterns of the northwestern Europeans who would colonize the Americas as did the Iberians who had preceded them ... The English and French were next to arrive ... unsuccessful in their efforts to establish North American colonies until the early 17th century ... Only the Dutch had the resources to challenge the Iberians directly ... The first third of the 17th century also saw a determined effort of the French, English, and Dutch to establish permanent colonies in the lesser Antilles."  https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20University%20Press
15. Seymour Drescher (2004). "White Atlantic? The Choice for African Slave Labor in the Plantation Americas". Slavery in the Development of the Americas. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0521832779.  https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20University%20Press
16. Paul Butel (2014). "The Atlantic and the Iberians: Sixteenth to seventeenth centuries". The Atlantic. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 978-0415756389. "It was only in the course of the seventeenth century that two new Atlantics - the Dutch and the British - asserted themselves, playing a growing role in the European economy and, in some degree, to the detriment of Seville's Atlantic. They nevertheless remained strictly dependent on the latter and hopes of the treasures to be captured or even dominated remained an essential element of the naval politics of the north-western Europeans." 
17. Karwan Fatah-Black (2015). "Origins of Dutch and European Colonization in Suriname". White Lies and Black Markets: Evading Metropolitan Authority in Colonial Suriname, 1650-1800. Brill Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 978-9004283329. "The plans of Northwest Europeans most focused on organizing expeditions to finding gold ... French, Dutch, Irish and English expeditions began to establish trading links with the area around the turn of the century." 
18. Arland Thornton (2012), "Developed and less developed societies", in George Ritzer, The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization, Wiley-Blackwell 
19. Joan Huber (2007). "5". On the Origins of Gender Inequality. Routledge. pp. 96–104. ISBN 978-1594513626. "Jared Diamond (1997; 2002), an apparently magisterial social scientist, demonstrated how the interplay of ecology and technology enabled Northwest Europeans to dominate the world. In this chapter I compare infant diet in foraging, hoe, herding, and plow societies in order to show how ecology and technology have affected beliefs and behaviors concerning the feeding of human offspring." 
20. Deirdre McCloskey (2011). "And The Bourgeois Era Warrants Not Pessimism". Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World. University of Chicago Press. p. 438. ISBN 978-0226556741. 
21. Martin E. Marty (October 31, 2016). "Reformation Jostlings". University of Chicago. https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/reformation-jostlings. "What is the current status of the Reformation as it lives on among those Christians who call themselves “Lutheran” and/or “Protestant”? To update Whitehead’s cramping observation, we look at statistics in atlases. Yes, northwest Europeans in Germany still head the list." 
22. "Attitudes to Islam in Europe are hardening". The Economist. 1 September 2017. https://www.economist.com/erasmus/2017/09/01/attitudes-to-islam-in-europe-are-hardening. "A poll by Pew Research, an American think-tank, found that a majority of people in Hungary, Italy, Poland, Greece and Spain harboured hostile attitudes to Islam while only a minority of northwestern Europeans held similar views." 
23. Laurence Hurst (22 November 2018). "Humans are still evolving – and scientists don't know why". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/human-evolution-dna-natural-selection-dna-genetic-mutation-why-a8641536.html. "Studies also show that natural selection favouring a mutation allowing adults to produce lactase – the enzyme that breaks down milk sugars – is why some groups of people can digest milk after weaning. Over 80 per cent of northwest Europeans can, but in parts of East Asia, where milk is much less commonly drunk, an inability to digest lactose is the norm." 
24. "Study traces spread of early dairy farming across Western Europe". University of York. 27 April 2020. https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2020/research/early-farming-europe/. 
25. Steven Ruggles (2009). "Reconsidering the Northwest European family system: Living arrangements of the aged in comparative historical perspective". Population and Development Review (Volume 35 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 249–273. "The results show that with simple controls for agricultural employment and demographic structure, comparable measures of the living arrangements of the aged show little systematic difference between nineteenth-century Northwest Europe and North America and twentieth-century developing countries. These findings cast doubt on the hypothesis that Northwest Europeans and North Americans had an exceptional historical pattern of preference for nuclear families." 
26. David Kaminsky (2015), "Introduction: The New Old Europe Sound", British Journal of Ethnomusicology, 25, Routledge 
27. Karol Estrada; Albert Hofman; Dorret Boomsma (2009), "A genome-wide association study of northwestern Europeans involves the C-type natriuretic peptide signaling pathway in the etiology of human height variation", Human Molecular Genetics, Oxford University Press 
28. Pengfei Qin (2015), "Quantitating and Dating Recent Gene Flow between European and East Asian Populations", Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, "We identified recent gene flow between Europeans and Asians in most populations we studied, including East Asians and Northwestern Europeans, which are normally considered to be non-admixed populations." 
29. Paul Butel (2014). "The Atlantic and the growth of the naval powers: The seventeenth century". The Atlantic. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 978-0415756389. "Rather, in the New World as in Africa, the north-western Europeans would demonstrate new ambitions to dominate trade and to set up their own areas of colonization ... Another Atlantic took form in the seventeenth century with the colonization and peopling of North America, from French Canada to the English colonies on the mainland." 
30. P Bernardini; N Fiering (2001). "The Jewish Moment". The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800. Berghahn Books. p. 503. ISBN 978-1571814302. "In the New World, however, the Northwest Europeans were able to duplicate the Iberian policy of founding settlement colonies. As in Spanish America, the settlers in British, French, and Dutch North America were mainly interested in subsistence farming and interregional trade ... In addition to trade and settlement, the Northwest Europeans also developed a plantation zone, situated in the southeast of North America" 
31. Hubert Charbonneau; Cole Harris (1998). "Resettling the St Lawrence Valley, 1608-1760". Concise Historical Atlas of Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0802042033. "Agricultural Capability: (for the mixed agriculture practised by northwestern Europeans)" 
32. Cole Harris (1977). "The Simplification of Europe Overseas". Annals of the American Association of Geographers (Volume 67 ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 469–483. "The structure of northwestern European societies overseas had more to do with the nature of access to land in colonial settings than with the particular backgrounds of emigrating Europeans. The crucial European inheritance -a strong sense of the nuclear family supported by a desire for the private control of land-was common to most northwestern Europeans. When these assumptions were introduced to areas where land was cheap and markets were poor, as in early Canada , South Africa, and New England, remarkably homogeneous and egalitarian rural societies of subsistent farmers emerged quickly.)"  https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada
33. "The Question of Race in ancient Egypt". University College London. 2003. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/social/race.html. 
34. John Douglas Belshaw (2016). "The Transatlantic Age". Canadian History: Post Confederation. BCcampus Open Education. "The model of imperialism that the Iberians introduced took advantage of existing populations and grafted onto it ... This model influenced the northwestern Europeans but it was one that they could not follow utterly. As we shall see in subsequent chapters, the English relied on emigration to (re)populate the territories they claimed. France was reluctant to do the same and it lacked the resources and the will to build much more than a replacement society along the St. Lawrence and a few outposts in Acadia and Louisiana." 
35. Stephen K. Sanderson (2015). Modern Societies: A Comparative Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1612056685. "Canada and Australia were, like the United States, settler colonies that hived off from Britain. Frontier areas were occupied almost entirely by northwest Europeans, and other European ethnies immigrated later." 
36. Thomas Borstelmann (2016). "Inside Every Foreigner: How Americans Understand Others". Diplomatic History (Volume 40 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 1–18. "Benjamin Franklin’s warning that colonial Pennsylvania was becoming “a Colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of our Anglifying them and will never adopt our Language or Customs any more than they can acquire our Complexion.” But just as the idea of Germans having a different complexion than other northwestern European Americans came to seem peculiar, so, too, did mainstream public attitudes about race and discrimination" 
37. A. J. Jaffe (1992). The First Immigrants from Asia: A Population History of the North American Indians. Springer Publishing. p. 280. ISBN 978-0306439520. "For example, we know that in New York City two centuries ago, the people were largely of northwestern European origin. ... We know that the vital rates have changed over these two centuries. But have the original northwestern European people changed their behavior?"  https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20City
38. Jesse O. McKee (2000). "Humanity On The Move". Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 978-0742500341. "Table 1.1 Immigration Periods ... 1821-1880 Northwest European Wave. Heavily Irish, German, British, French, and other northwest Europeans, together with a complement from Canada, China and the West Indies." 
39. Vincent N. Parrillo (2012). Diversity in America. Routledge. ISBN 978-1612052540. 
40. Paul Spickard (2007). "The Great Wave, 1870-1930". Almost All Aliens: Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History and Identity: Race, Colonialism, and Immigration in American History and Identity. Routledge. p. 176. ISBN 978-0415935937. "Although many histories of immigration describe this period from the 1870s to the 1920s as one when the sources of migrants shifted from Northwest Europe to Southern and Eastern Europe - “Old Immigration” versus the “New Immigration,” Northwest Europeans continued to come and stay in very large numbers." 
41. A. S. Whiteley (1932). "The Peopling of the Prairie Provinces of Canada". American Journal of Sociology (Volume 38 ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 240–252. "The Prairie born constituted the largest single element in the population in 1926 and with those from other provinces comprised 62.75 per cent of the total. With respect to "origin," about one-half of those from Central, South, and East Europe and less than one-fourth of those from Northwest European stocks were foreign born." 
42. Raymond B. Blake; Jeffrey A. Keshen; Norman J. Knowles; Barbara J. Messamore (2017). "Development and Dissonance, 1896-1914". Conflict and Compromise: Post-Confederation Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1442635579. "Althought changed by immigration, Canada's population remained overwhelmingly white, Anglo, French and Western European. The 1901 census indicated that Canada was 96.2 per cent Caucasian. Most Canadians expressed a clear preference for white, Protestant British and Ameican newcomers, viewing them as easiest to assimilate, followed by northwest Europeans and Scandinavians." 
43. "Introduction", Introduction - Princeton University, Princeton University Press, p. 6-9, http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7741.pdf, "1914 ... Now, within Anglo-America and under the impress of an increasingly racialized nativism, there arose terms denoting a common northwest European consciousness, such as “American race stock”and “old stock.” ... Groups such as the Americanization Committee of Germantown drew on the language of racialized nativism to cast their members—including those of German background—as northwest Europeans who shared the common racial “stock” of “our forefathers.” ... During the 1940s ... Chicago ’s working-class and Catholic Germans thereby helped to create a common ground that necessarily influenced the identities of their Irish and new immigrant collaborators. Similarly, when middle-class Germans took refuge in a racial nationalism, they cooperated with other northwest Europeans and echoed the behavior of such other “Nordic” groups as Norwegian Americans." 
44. Audley George Reid (2002). "Immigration and Urban Demographics: Internal and External Migrants in Chicago and Toronto". Distinct paths: Race and Public Housing in postwar Toronto and Chicago. University of Florida. "Northwestern Europeans were the majority group as well among immigrants to Canada. However, the demographic shift away from northwestern Europe as an immigrant source occurred earlier in the United States in comparison to Canada and the degree of this shift was noticeably greater. The period from 1901 to 1920 saw northwestern Europe decline to 41% ... By contrast, as late as 1921 the Canadian immigrant population continued to be dominated by northwestern Europeans in general, British immigrants particularly." 
45. Beret E. Strong (2008). Seeking The Light: The Lives of Phillips and Ruth Lee Thygeson, Pioneers in the Prevention of Blindness. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786436736. "Unfortunately, in the American version of the eugenics argument, articulated by Madison Grant in his 1916 book, The Passing of the Great Race, the gene pool of descendants of northwestern Europeans was considered strong and worthy, while the southern and eastern Europeans were considered a threat to the gene pool and a source of overpopulation." 
46. Susan R. Burgess; Kathryn C. Leeman (2016). CQ Press Guide to Radical Politics in the United States. CQ Press. ISBN 978-1452292274. "At the same time, eugenics was gaining populariy, and scholars such as Lothrop Stoddard and Madison Grant were publishing books on the superiority of northwestern Europeans and the potential problems caused by the increased immigration of other groups to the United States" 
47. Elspeth Reeve (October 9, 2016). "Alt-right trolls are getting 23andme genetic tests to 'prove' their whiteness". Vice Media. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vbygqm/alt-right-trolls-are-getting-23andme-genetic-tests-to-prove-their-whiteness. "In the 19th and early 20th centuries, American eugenicists worried that immigrants of “inferior stock” from Southern and Eastern Europe would dilute the old stock of Northwestern Europeans, and argued for sterilization." 
48. David Hollinger (May 24, 2019). "When the government used bad science to restrict immigration". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/when-the-government-used-bad-science-to-restrict-immigration/2019/05/24/0f1612e4-6b74-11e9-8f44-e8d8bb1df986_story.html. "Okrent enlivens his narrative with vivid portraits of Aldrich, Lodge and other prominent figures active in the campaign to avoid the “race suicide” said to follow from allowing the northwestern European population of the United States to be overwhelmed by ostensibly inferior groups." 
49. Victor C. Romero (2014). "The Criminalization of Undocumented Migrants". in Lois Ann Lorentzen. Hidden Lives and Human Rights in the United States (3 volumes): Understanding the Controversies and Tragedies of Undocumented Immigration. Praeger Publications. p. 16. ISBN 978-1440828478. "The 1924 act also sought to curtail the large number of eastern and southern European migrants who began entering the United States in 1890. Through the National Origins Quota formula, the act pegged future immigration at up to 2 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a particular country already in the United States as of the 1890 census. Through race-neutral in language, the formula favored northwestern Europeans by using the 1890 census as its referent" 
50. Jacky Turner (2010). "Eugenics, Commerce and Control in Human and Animal Reproduction". Animal Breeding, Welfare and Society. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1844075898. "The 1924 Immigration Act in effect restricted the immigration of people other than north-western Europeans." 
51. Martin Marger (2014). "15". Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 445. ISBN 978-1285749693. "In their national attitudinal study, Berry, Kalin, and Taylor (1977) found that respondents in general reacted very favorably to English and French Canadians ... Specifically, northwestern Europeans were judged most favorably, central and southern European groups next, and nonwhite groups least favorably, except for Japanese." 
52. Catarina D. Campbell; Evan E. Eichler (2011), "Population-Genetic Properties of Differentiated Human Copy-Number Polymorphisms", American Journal of Human Genetics (Volume 88 ed.), Cell Press, p. 317–332, "The samples studied are cohorts of Northwestern European Americans from the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain collection (CEU), Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Han Chinese from Beijing (CHB), Japanese from Tokyo (JPT), and Maasai from Kinyawa, Kenya (MKK) (Table 1)."