Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 This paper gives an overview of different approaches to synthesize CNTs and then focuses on the floating catalyst method to form CNT sheets.
Megha Chitranshi
 + 3028 word(s) 3028 2020-10-15 07:51:39 |
2 format correct
Catherine Yang
 Meta information modification 3028 2020-11-11 03:53:28 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Chitranshi, M.; Pujari, A.; Ng, V.; Chen, D.; Chauhan, D.; Hudepohl, R.; Saleminik, M.; Kim, S.Y.; Kubley, A.; Shanov, V.; et al. Carbon Nanotube Sheet-Synthesis and Applications. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2969 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Chitranshi M, Pujari A, Ng V, Chen D, Chauhan D, Hudepohl R, et al. Carbon Nanotube Sheet-Synthesis and Applications. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2969. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Chitranshi, Megha, Anuptha Pujari, Vianessa Ng, Daniel Chen, Devika Chauhan, Ronald Hudepohl, Motahareh Saleminik, Sung Yong Kim, Ashley Kubley, Vesselin Shanov, et al. "Carbon Nanotube Sheet-Synthesis and Applications" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2969 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Chitranshi, M., Pujari, A., Ng, V., Chen, D., Chauhan, D., Hudepohl, R., Saleminik, M., Kim, S.Y., Kubley, A., Shanov, V., & Schulz, M. (2020, November 10). Carbon Nanotube Sheet-Synthesis and Applications. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2969
Chitranshi, Megha, et al. "Carbon Nanotube Sheet-Synthesis and Applications." Encyclopedia. Web. 10 November, 2020.
Carbon Nanotube Sheet-Synthesis and Applications
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/nano10102023

 This paper gives an overview of different approaches to synthesize CNTs and then focuses on the floating catalyst method to form CNT sheets. A method is also described in this paper to modify the properties of macroscale carbon nanotube sheets produced by the floating catalyst method. This paper also discusses manufacturing obstacles and the possible commercial applications of the CNT sheet and CNTH sheet. Applications for CNT sheet include air and water filtering, energy storage applications, and compositing CNTH sheets to produce apparel with anti-microbial properties to protect the population from infectious diseases. The paper also provides an outlook towards large scale commercialization of CNT material.

Carbon nanotubes hybrid sheet nanoparticles

1. Introduction

Over the last two decades, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have attracted attention in the fields of sensors [1], filtering [2][3], energy storage [4], and other areas. There are various methods to synthesize CNTs, including arc-discharge [5], using plasma [6], laser ablation [7], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [8], and the floating catalyst method [9][10][11][12]. Arc-discharge and the laser ablation process are high-temperature synthesis processes which can produce CNTs with fewer structural defects. Many nanotubes with little control over chirality can be produced using the arc-discharge method but the use of metallic catalysts needed for the reaction requires post-processing purification of the nanotubes. Nanotubes synthesized using laser ablation show high yield and low metallic impurities because of the tendency of the metallic catalyst to evaporate from the end of the tube once it is closed. Nanotubes obtained from this process are not uniform and contain some branching. Furthermore, the use of a high purity graphite rod and laser power makes the method expensive. The arc-discharge, laser ablation, and plasma methods produce powder nanotubes. Lower temperature synthesis processes, such as chemical vapor deposition, are commonly used due to better control of nanotube diameter, purity, length, orientation, and economical mass production of carbon nanotubes [13]. High-quality single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) were prepared with the CVD method using a novel aerogel-supported Fe/Mo catalyst with high productivity. The number of nanotubes obtained per unit weight of catalyst showed a five-fold improvement compared to catalyst supported on Al2O3 powder. The strong interaction between the aerogel and catalyst and the high surface area of the support resulted in high catalytic activity [14]. The CVD method with a substrate produces forests of CNTs that can be pulled as a thin film and wrapped layer by layer into sheet in a secondary operation. The floating catalyst gas-phase pyrolysis method can produce industrial-scale carbon nanotube sheet directly by winding a web or sock of nanotubes onto a drum in a continuous process. High-quality, evenly distributed, aligned carbon nanotubes of 10-nm diameter can be prepared by the floating catalyst method. In one approach, to enhance the growth of nanotubes, benzene was used as the carbon source, ferrocene as the catalyst, and thiophene as the sulfur-containing additive [15]. The relation between the average nanotube diameter and thiophene concentration was studied [16]. The amount of sulfur added can vary the morphology of the nanotubes. An improved floating catalyst approach allowed lower growth temperature and closer control over the growth parameters to produce large quantity, high-quality, and low-cost single-walled carbon nanotubes. This method can be used to grow both single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the yield is affected by the growth promoter which is a sulfur-containing additive [16].

The unique properties of CNT materials include good current carrying capability [17][18] good mechanical strength [19], high thermal conductivity [20][21], and others. The anisotropic heat conduction of CNT sheet, for example, makes it a promising candidate for firefighting applications. A smart garment concept was shown in a simulation to direct heat from the garment to an external cold sink, which lowered the temperature of the body [22]. Fire retardant properties of free-standing CNT sheets were also investigated and considered appropriate to prepare personal protective equipment (PPE) for firefighters [23]. Overall, the integration of CNT materials into textiles opens a wide area of applications [24]. The porous structure of very thin CNT sheet, or sheet containing particles, and the electrical conduction properties of CNT sheet also make it a promising candidate for energy storage for wearable electronics [25] textiles.

The porous nature of thin CNT sheet or sheet with particles, and the high surface area of CNTs, may be useful for air and water filtering applications. The conductive and antimicrobial properties of CNTs can be used for pathogen/virus capture and inactivation. To enhance the antimicrobial property, anti-viral nanoparticles (e.g., Ag, Cu, ZnO, etc.) can be integrated into the CNT synthesis process [26]. Sheet performance depends on the customization of the sheet, not just the intrinsic properties of the CNT. Customization can include altering the hydrophilicity and breathability of the sheet and integrating different types of nanoparticles (NPs) into the synthesis process to change the properties of the sheet.

2. Characterization of CNT Material

CNT use in different applications has kept growing since its first discovery in 1991 by Iijima [27]. Applications include fiber-reinforced material [28], water filtration, air filtration, energy storage [29], supercapacitors [30], textiles [31], structural health monitoring, and hydrogen sensors [32], to mention a few. The increasing integration of CNT material in various applications can be accelerated by doping CNT material with different elements of the periodic table to make it multifunctional. Multifunctional CNT hybrid material possesses enhanced properties relative to pristine CNT material, and may outperform traditional material in the intended application. Pristine CNT can be doped with metals [33], polymers, ceramics, and various chemicals [30][34] to meet various application needs. As there is an increasing trend in making CNT hybrid materials, characterization of the material becomes an important factor. The lack of scientific and industrial standards to characterize novel CNT hybrid materials has accelerated the development of new measurement techniques and new parameters for characterizing CNT hybrid materials [35][36].

3. CNT for Energy Storage Applications

The discovery of carbon nanotubes has stimulated immerse interest among researchers in academia and industry for next-gen energy applications. Although many different CNT synthesis methods have been developed, the problems inherent in CNT synthesis have become more prominent along the way, such as very limited batch-process throughput, low purity, and low production yield. Floating catalyst CVD (FCCVD) has the potential to reduce these problems. Additionally, due to the flexible reactor design and unique continuous FCCVD process, the porous, flexible, freestanding films as-synthesized possess many advantages, which include good electrical properties, high mechanical reliability, and ease of handling. As an example, the CNT sheet has a large surface area and can be used to form the electrodes of a compact supercapacitor (Figure 1).

Nanomaterials 10 02023 g008 550

Figure 1. Electrical energy storage: (a) the basic supercapacitor design (above: stacking plane; below: interdigitated pattern); (b) schematic of ion movement during the process of charging and discharging—the lower figure shows higher efficiency for the ion diffusion. Reproduced from [37] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020.

Charge storage has three mechanisms: the first involves an electrical double layer (EDL) capacitance, which stores charge on the surface of the electrode reversibly. The second is called the Nernstian process, also called a non-capacitive Faradaic process, which mainly follows the Nernst equation to describe the transfer of the localized valance electrons. The third is called the capacitive Faradaic process, which involves a pseudo-capacitor, the capacitive pathway based on the transfer of the delocalized valence electrons [38].

Transition metals and conductive polymers have been widely used as pseudocapacitive materials, which can provide capacitive Faradaic charge storage from the transfer of delocalized valence electrons [38]. Electrically conductive polymers (ECPs) are called synthetic metals due to their intrinsic electrical conductivity, which results from the full delocalization of π electrons on the long-chain aromatic polymer backbone [39]. Three major conducting polymers for active materials, i.e., polyaniline (PANI), poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and polypyrrole (Ppy), have demonstrated great potential in the application of energy storage owing to their high conductivity and superior capacitive properties. Conductive polymers paved the way for the exploration of CNT-conducting polymer composite materials. A supercapacitor device is illustrated in Figure 2.

Nanomaterials 10 02023 g009 550

Figure 2. Device design: (a,b) different schematic processes for the fabrication of flexible CNT supercapacitors, both methods use polyaniline (PANI) as the active material. (a) Reproduced from [40] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020; (b) reproduced from [41] with permission from Wiley-VCH GmbH, 2020.

Several groups have used CNTs and related hybrids for supercapacitors and battery applications, either in sheet form or in fiber form. Although CNT-based energy storage shows encouraging results, one of the main challenges remaining is preventing the reduction in the surface area during the fabrication of the device. The reduced surface area has an adverse effect on the electrochemical performance of the electrodes, as well as providing limited space for loading active materials into the sheet, and it causes poor electrolyte diffusion [42].

4. CNT Filtering Applications

Carbon nanotube bundles are held together by van der Waals forces and these entangled nanotubes in a thin sheet create a porous structure which can be used to trap and immobilize virus/pathogens. Thick CNT sheets become almost impermeable. The inner core diameter of the carbon nanotube and nanotube growth can be controlled by the catalyst particle [43][44] and the core diameter is in the size range of many viruses, proteins, and other biological macromolecules [45]. The membrane can be formed by growing CNTs on a substrate and the voids must be treated with a filler material. Carbon nanotube membranes with a pore size of 2 nm were grown on a silicon chip. To produce a void-free membrane, spaces between the CNTs were sealed with silicon nitride. These membranes transported water and gas extremely fast which was supported by molecular dynamic simulations [46]. Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VA-CNT) membranes showed an advantage over CNT membranes with filler material by eliminating the spaces between CNTs grown by CVD. No filler materials were used because interstitial pores were in the range of CNT pore size, hence more permeation area was available and resulted in higher porosity (~20%) [47]. Purification steps, such as heat treatment and acid treatment, remove the amorphous carbon and introduce functional groups which will improve the interaction of CNTs with other polymer and solvents. Chemical functionalization at the entry of CNT cores offers a nanoscale scaffolding to allow “gatekeeper” chemical interactions which improve both flux and selectivity of the separation application [48]. The porosity of CNTs can be improved by oxidation to attach functional groups such as COOH and OH. A large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups present at the surface of oxidized multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) makes nanotubes more easily dispersed in the water and provides binding sites to interact with metal ions, which can be completely and easily adsorbed [49]. The interaction of iron with oxidized CNTs was found to be higher compared to raw CNTs because of the reduced diameter and fewer impurities due to the presence of an oxygen-containing group [50]. Modified MWCNT treated by a mixture of HCL and H2O2 and nitric acid showed 97% filtering efficiency for chromium. The removal efficiency of the modified filter was higher due to the large surface area and small nanotube diameter [51].

Carbon nanotubes have emerged as a promising solution for water purification due to their remarkably large surface area and their ability to be chemically functionalized to increase their affinity towards target molecules [52]. Magnetically aligned membranes showed a smoother surface and shearing along the axis of the applied magnetic field. The alignment was uniform across the surface and through the depth of the membranes [53]. A macroscopic hollow cylinder, designed by the spray pyrolysis method, successfully filtered heavy hydrocarbons from petroleum and bacteria from drinking water. The advantage of these kinds of filters over conventional filters is their reusability. The filters can regain their full filtering efficiency after applying a process such as ultrasonication and autoclaving [54]. Carbon nanotube membranes of sub-nanometer diameter provided efficient water desalination in reverse osmosis [55]. A CNT–metal filter developed by growing CNTs on the metal filter using the CVD method showed high filtration efficiency [56]. A plasma-modified ultra-long CNT (UCNT)-based porous membrane is used for the removal of salts, organic matter, and metal nanoparticles. Water treatment techniques, such as reverse osmosis, require high pressure and have limited mobility. UCNT-based membranes overcome these limitations as only a small amount of pressure is required to achieve sufficient water flux to desalinate water and remove organic and microbes using the free energy of adsorption for desalination. The adsorption capacity of these membranes was recovered by rinsing the membranes with tap water [57]. A multi-walled carbon nanotube/aromatic polyamide nanocomposite membrane rejected salts and humic acid by factors of 3.17 and 1.67, respectively, compared to the membranes without nanotubes. However, membrane permeability decreased by 6.5%, which can cause adsorptive fouling due to increased hydrophobicity and can degrade membrane performance in the long term [58]. A polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membrane filled with hydroxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes improved the transport properties and the mechanical stability of the membrane. The inclusion of well-dispersed nanotubes increased the polymer solution viscosity and lowered the formation of macro voids [59]. A polymer-CNT composite membrane synthesized using interfacial polymerization was suitable for both aqueous solution-based nanofiltration and solvent resistant nanofiltration. Nanotubes were dispersed in an aqueous solution containing poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) monomer, and the outer surface of the nanotubes was functionalized using hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups through microwave treatment. The base of the polymer membrane developed solute selectivity and a low resistance pathway at the interface and was created by the nanogaps at the outer surface of the nanotubes. The solvent fluxes were one order of magnitude higher than for commercial membranes [60]. Granular activated carbon (GAC) has a large surface area and a strong affinity for organic matter. The combination of a GAC filter as a pre-treatment followed by flocculation resulted in better removal of organics, a lowered flocculant dose, and helped in reducing biofouling of the membrane [61].

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the atmosphere lead to severe health issues. Carbon sorbents have high removal efficiency and are cost-effective. One study suggests that amorphous carbon provided more sorption capacity for organic chemicals and the curvature and topological defects affect the sorption process [62]. Pressure drop and filtration efficiency are two key factors of filter performance. A high pressure drop indicates high energy consumption which promotes high filter efficiency. There are a few mechanisms for particles to collide with the surface and deposit on the filter, such as diffusion, inertial impaction, and an interception. Inertial impaction and interception come into play when there is an increase in particle size. On the other hand, Brownian diffusion occurs when there is a decrease in particle size. In the case of intermediate particle size, no mechanism is dominant and two or more mechanisms occur simultaneously, which leads to maximum particle penetration through the filter, hence lower filter efficiency. Filters coated with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane showed “v”-shaped efficiency curves for particle sizes from 10 to 300 nm at face velocities from 0.3 to 15 cm/s [63]. Nanofiber filters were synthesized by electrospinning nylon nanofibers on a microfiber substrate used in nano-aerosol filtration. It was found out that the flow was dominated by diffusion, considering that larger airflow reduces the retention time of the aerosol inside the network and hence lowers the time for the aerosol to deposit on the fibers. Due to the continuous loading of the submicron aerosol, the filter clogged and elevated the pressure drop. It is suggested that in high-efficiency filtration applications, stacking up low basis weight nanofiber layers to create a multi-layer filter is more effective than using a single high basis weight nanofiber layer filter [64]. In continuous loading of the aerosol on the filter, there will be less available pore space because formerly available free space is taken up by the aerosol, which results in lower permeability and higher pressure drop. This will create a serious problem in the upstream region. A “skin region’ will be formed at the upstream end of flow due to the packed dense layer of aerosols. A dual-layered arrangement with microfiber upstream and nanofiber downstream was proposed. The study showed that upstream microfibers filtered the incoming aerosol, which reduced the degree of loading in the downstream nanofibers. The microfiber layer has a higher dust holding capability, so the aerosol deposition does not induce extra pressure drop. Now, there will be a uniform incoming aerosol layer at the downstream nanofiber which reduces the skin region [65]. A novel filter was prepared by drawing aligned nanotube sheets onto the polypropylene melt-blown sheet and embedding CNT layers in a cross-ply structure. The three-layer CNT cross-ply filter achieved the highest quality factor and met the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter criterion [66].

The recent outbreak of COVID-19 prompted a global response to biological aerosol exposure. SWNTs presented strong antibacterial activity. Direct interaction of bacteria with high purity, narrow-diameter nanotubes caused severe damage, and cell inactivation [67]. A comparative study of the antibacterial capability of highly purified SWNTs and MWCNTs showed that SWNTs have stronger antibacterial activity, indicating that the diameter of CNTs is a key factor in the inactivation of bacteria. A smaller-diameter nanotube can ease the penetration of nanotubes in the cell wall. Other factors that attributed to this increase were a large contact surface area and unique electrical and chemical properties [68]. A combination of nisin with a CNT-coated filter provided efficient bacterial capture and inactivation in one filtration step. Nisin adsorption on MWCNTs decreased the hydrophobicity of the surface, hence the greater the nisin adsorption, the lower the hydrophobicity [69]. The SWNT filter showed strong inactivation of bacterial and fungal aerosols in both indoor and outdoor environments. Filters with high CNT loading lowered both bacterial and fungal aerosol concentrations [70]. An electrochemical MWCNT microfilter showed removal and inactivation of the virus and bacterial pathogens at a low voltage of 1–3 V. The advantages over conventional filters include the antimicrobial activity of MWCNTs, high surface area, and small pore size which can sieve bacteria and remove bacteria by depth filtration, availability of large electrochemically active sites, and increased corrosion stability [71]. A CNT-metal oxide membrane composed of CNTs and silver nanoparticles improved the anti-bacterial property of the membrane. Silver acted as a welding agent to bond the CNTs together and transformed the membrane from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The porosity of the membrane was also increased by increasing the silver content [72]. A novel CNT-based facepiece respirator was tested on a manikin-based system. Filters with high CNT loading improved the filtering performance and it was observed that CNT filters have higher biological aerosol particle filtration efficiency than total aerosol particles [73].

References

  1. Vashist, S.K.; Zheng, D.; Al-Rubeaan, K.; Luong, J.H.; Sheu, F.-S. Advances in carbon nanotube based electrochemical sensors for bioanalytical applications. Biotechnol. Adv. 2011, 29, 169–188.
  2. Zhang, R.; Wei, F. High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters Based on Carbon Nanotubes; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019; pp. 643–666.
  3. Yang, S.; Zhu, Z.; Wei, F.; Yang, X. Carbon nanotubes/activated carbon fiber based air filter media for simultaneous removal of particulate matter and ozone. Build. Environ. 2017, 125, 60–66.
  4. Sun, L.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q. Roles of carbon nanotubes in novel energy storage devices. Carbon 2017, 122, 462–474.
  5. Iijima, S.; Ichihashi, T. Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nat. Cell Biol. 1993, 363, 603–605.
  6. Lim, S.H.; Luo, Z.; Shen, Z.; Lin, J. Plasma-Assisted Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2010, 5, 1377–1386.
  7. Zhang, Y.; Gu, H.; Iijima, S. Single-wall carbon nanotubes synthesized by laser ablation in a nitrogen atmosphere. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 3827–3829.
  8. Bronikowski, M.J. CVD growth of carbon nanotube bundle arrays. Carbon 2006, 44, 2822–2832.
  9. Gspann, T.S.; Smail, F.R.; Windle, A.H. Spinning of carbon nanotube fibres using the floating catalyst high temperature route: Purity issues and the critical role of sulphur. Faraday Discuss. 2014, 173, 47–65.
  10. Hou, G.; Su, R.; Wang, A.; Ng, V.; Li, W.; Song, Y.; Zhang, L.; Sundaram, M.; Shanov, V.; Mast, D.; et al. The effect of a convection vortex on sock formation in the floating catalyst method for carbon nanotube synthesis. Carbon 2016, 102, 513–519.
  11. Hoecker, C.; Smail, F.R.; Pick, M.; Weller, L.; Boies, A. The Dependence of CNT Aerogel Synthesis on Sulfur-driven Catalyst Nucleation Processes and a Critical Catalyst Particle Mass Concentration. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 14519.
  12. Hoecker, C.; Smail, F.R.; Bajada, M.A.; Pick, M.; Boies, A.; Höcker, C. Catalyst nanoparticle growth dynamics and their influence on product morphology in a CVD process for continuous carbon nanotube synthesis. Carbon 2016, 96, 116–124.
  13. Eatemandi, A.; Daraee, H.; Karimkhanloo, H.; Kouhi, M.; Zarghami, N.; Akbarzadeh, A.; Abasi, M.; Hanifehpour, Y.; Joo, S.W. Carbon nanotubes: Properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2014, 9, 393.
  14. Su, M.; Zheng, B.; Liu, J. A scalable CVD method for the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes with high catalyst productivity. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 322, 321–326.
  15. Ci, L.; Wei, J.; Wei, B.; Liang, J.; Xu, C.; Wu, D. Carbon nanofibers and single-walled carbon nanotubes prepared by the floating catalyst method. Carbon 2001, 39, 329–335.
  16. Cheng, H.-M.; Li, F.; Su, G.; Pan, H.Y.; He, L.; Sun, X.; Dresselhaus, M.S. Large-scale and low-cost synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 72, 3282–3284.
  17. Jakubinek, M.B.; Johnson, M.B.; White, M.A.; Jayasinghe, C.; Li, G.; Cho, W.; Schulz, M.J.; Shanov, R.W.A.V. Thermal and electrical conductivity of array-spun multi-walled carbon nanotube yarns. Carbon 2012, 50, 244–248.
  18. Behabtu, N.; Young, C.C.; Tsentalovich, D.E.; Kleinerman, O.; Wang, X.; Ma, A.W.K.; Bengio, E.A.; Ter Waarbeek, R.F.; De Jong, J.J.; Hoogerwerf, R.E.; et al. Strong, Light, Multifunctional Fibers of Carbon Nanotubes with Ultrahigh Conductivity. Science 2013, 339, 182–186.
  19. Boncel, S.; Sundaram, R.; Windle, A.H.; Koziol, K. Enhancement of the Mechanical Properties of Directly Spun CNT Fibers by Chemical Treatment. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 9339–9344.
  20. Moisala, A.; Li, Q.; Kinloch, I.; Windle, A. Thermal and electrical conductivity of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotube-epoxy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2006, 66, 1285–1288.
  21. Hone, J.; Llaguno, M.; Biercuk, M.; Johnson, A.; Batlogg, B.; Benes, Z.; Fischer, J. Thermal properties of carbon nanotubes and nanotube-based materials. Appl. Phys. A 2002, 74, 339–343.
  22. Sullivan, J.; Schulz, M.; Vemaganti, K.; Bhattacharya, A.; Jetter, B.J.; Shanov, V.; Alvarez, N.; Kim, J. Carbon Nanotube Fabric Cooling System for Firefighters and First Responders: Modeling and Simulation. J. Fiber Bioeng. Inform. 2015, 8, 1–12.
  23. Janas, D.; Rdest, M.; Koziol, K. Flame-retardant carbon nanotube films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 411, 177–181.
  24. Schulz, M.J.; Chitranshi, M.; Chauhan, D.; Kubley, A.; Pujari, A.; Xu, C.; Chen, D.; Chaudhary, S.; Hou, G.; Bell, G.; et al. Pioneering carbon nanotube textile engineering & fashion technology. J. Text. Eng. Fash. Technol. 2019, 5.
  25. Hu, L.; Pasta, M.; La Mantia, F.; Cui, L.; Jeong, S.; DeShazer, H.D.; Choi, J.W.; Han, S.M.; Cui, Y. Stretchable, Porous, and Conductive Energy Textiles. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 708–714.
  26. Ashley, K.; Mark, S.; Daniel, R.C.; Motahareh, S.; Vesselin, S.; Sung, Y.K.; Vianessa, N.; Devika, C.; Megha, C.; Anuptha, P. Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Fabric to Filter and Deactivate Virus. U.S. Patent 63046680, 1 July 2020.
  27. Iijima, S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nat. Cell Biol. 1991, 354, 56–58.
  28. Chauhan, D.; Hou, G.; Ng, V.; Chaudhary, S.; Paine, M.; Moinuddin, K.; Rabiee, M.; Cahay, M.; Lalley, N.; Shanov, R.W.A.V.; et al. Multifunctional smart composites with integrated carbon nanotube yarn and sheet. In Proceedings of the A Tribute Conference Honoring Daniel Inman, Portland, OR, USA, 10 April 2017; SPIE-International Society for Optics and Photonics: Bellingham, WA, USA; Volume 10172, p. 1017205.
  29. Hsieh, Y.-Y.; Zhang, L.; DeArmond, D.; Kanakaraaj, S.N.; Adusei, P.K.; Alvarez, N.T.; Fang, Y.; Daum, J.; Shanov, R.W.A.V. Integrated graphene-sulfur cathode and separator with plasma enhancement for Li-S batteries. Carbon 2018, 139, 1093–1103.
  30. Kanakaraaj, S.N.; Hsieh, Y.-Y.; Adusei, P.K.; Homan, B.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Mishra, S.; Gbordzoe, S.; Shanov, R.W.A.V. Nitrogen-doped CNT on CNT hybrid fiber as a current collector for high-performance Li-ion capacitors. Carbon 2019, 149, 407–418.
  31. Chauhan, D.; Chen, R.; Xu, C.; Mast, D.; Kleismit, R.; Shanov, V.; Kubley, A.; Hou, G.; Chitranshi, M.; Pujari, A.; et al. Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Fabric and Tape. In Nanotube Superfiber Materials; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019; pp. 239–261.
  32. McConnell, C.; Kanakaraj, S.N.; Dugre, J.; Malik, R.; Zhang, G.; Haase, M.R.; Hsieh, Y.-Y.; Fang, Y.; Mast, D.; Shanov, R.W.A.V. Hydrogen Sensors Based on Flexible Carbon Nanotube-Palladium Composite Sheets Integrated with Ripstop Fabric. ACS Omega 2019, 5, 487–497.
  33. Schulz, M.J.; Chauhan, D.; Xu, C.; Chen, D.; Kubley, A.; Brandewie, B.; Hou, G.; Li, W.; Ng, V.; Rabiee, M.; et al. Introduction to Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Textiles. J. Text. Sci. Fash. Technol. 2019, 1, 1–7.
  34. Adusei, P.K.; Gbordzoe, S.; Kanakaraj, S.N.; Hsieh, Y.-Y.; Alvarez, N.T.; Fang, Y.; Johnson, K.; McConnell, C.; Shanov, R.W.A.V. Fabrication and study of supercapacitor electrodes based on oxygen plasma functionalized carbon nanotube fibers. J. Energy Chem. 2020, 40, 120–131.
  35. Elliott, J.A.; Gspann, T.H.; Terrones, J.E.; Windle, A.L. The measurement of properties in carbon nanotube yarns. WSEAS Trans. Appl. Theor. Mech. 2017, 12, 33–40.
  36. Chauhan, D. Manufacturing and Applications of Carbon Nanotube Sheet and Thread. Master’s Thesis, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2018.
  37. Zhang, Y.-Z.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, T.; Yao, L.-Q.; Li, X.; Lai, W.-Y.; Huang, W. Printed supercapacitors: Materials, printing and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 3229–3326.
  38. Yu, L.; Chen, G.Z. Supercapatteries as High-Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 2020, 3, 271–285.
  39. Abu-Thabit, N.Y. Chemical Oxidative Polymerization of Polyaniline: A Practical Approach for Preparation of Smart Conductive Textiles. J. Chem. Educ. 2016, 93, 1606–1611.
  40. Xiang, X.; Zhang, W.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, H.; Guo, H.; Zhang, X.; Li, Q. Smart and flexible supercapacitor based on a porous carbon nanotube film and polyaniline hydrogel. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 24946–24951.
  41. Chen, X.; Lin, H.; Chen, P.; Guan, G.; Deng, J.; Peng, H. Smart, Stretchable Supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4444–4449.
  42. Adusei, P.K.; Kanakaraj, S.N.; Gbordzoe, S.; Johnson, K.; DeArmond, D.; Hsieh, Y.-Y.; Fang, Y.; Mishra, S.; Phan, N.; Alvarez, N.T.; et al. A scalable nano-engineering method to synthesize 3D-graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid fibers for supercapacitor applications. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 312, 411–423.
  43. Baker, R.T.K. Nucleation and growth of carbon deposits from the nickel catalyzed decomposition of acetylene. J. Catal. 1972, 26, 51–62.
  44. Kukovitsky, E.; L’Vov, S.; Sainov, N.; Shustov, V.; Chernozatonskii, L. Correlation between metal catalyst particle size and carbon nanotube growth. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 355, 497–503.
  45. Hinds, B.J.; Chopra, N.; Rantell, T.; Andrews, R.; Gavalas, V.; Bachas, L.G. Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Membranes. Science 2004, 303, 62–65.
  46. Holt, J.K.; Park, H.G.; Wang, Y.; Stadermann, M.; Artyukhin, A.B.; Grigoropoulos, C.P.; Noy, A.; Bakajin, O. Fast Mass Transport Through Sub-2-Nanometer Carbon Nanotubes. Science 2006, 312, 1034–1037.
  47. Yu, M.; Funke, H.H.; Falconer, J.L.; Noble, R.D. High Density, Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Membranes. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 225–229.
  48. Majumder, M.; Chopra, N.; Hinds, B.J. Effect of Tip Functionalization on Transport through Vertically Oriented Carbon Nanotube Membranes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9062–9070.
  49. Xu, D.; Tan, X.; Chen, C.; Wang, X. Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 154, 407–416.
  50. Elsehly, E.M.I.; Chechenin, N.G.; Makunin, A.V.; Vorobyeva, E.A.; Motaweh, H.A. Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes Filters for Iron Removal from Aqueous Solutions. Int. J. New Technol. Sci. Eng. 2015, 2, 14–18.
  51. Elsehly, E.; Chechenin, N.G.; Makunin, A.V.; Motaweh, H.A.; Leksina, E.G. Functionalized carbon nanotubes based filters for chromium removal from aqueous solutions. Water Sci. Technol. 2017, 75, 1564–1571.
  52. Savage, N.; Diallo, M.S. Nanomaterials and Water Purification: Opportunities and Challenges. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2005, 7, 331–342.
  53. Casavant, M.J.; Walters, D.A.; Schmidt, J.J.; Smalley, R.E. Neat macroscopic membranes of aligned carbon nanotubes. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93, 2153.
  54. Srivastava, A.; Srivastava, O.N.; Talapatra, S.; Vajtai, R.; Ajayan, P.M. Carbon nanotube filters. Nat. Mater. 2004, 3, 610–614.
  55. Corry, B. Designing Carbon Nanotube Membranes for Efficient Water Desalination. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 1427–1434.
  56. Park, S.J.; Lee, D.-G. Development of CNT-metal-filters by direct growth of carbon nanotubes. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2006, 6, e182–e186.
  57. Yang, H.Y.; Han, Z.J.; Yu, S.F.; Pey, K.L.; Ostrikov, K.; Karnik, R. Carbon nanotube membranes with ultrahigh specific adsorption capacity for water desalination and purification. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2220.
  58. Shawky, H.A.; Chae, S.-R.; Lin, S.; Wiesner, M.R. Synthesis and characterization of a carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite membrane for water treatment. Desalination 2011, 272, 46–50.
  59. Majeed, S.; Fierro, D.; Buhr, K.; Wind, J.; Du, B.; Boschetti-De-Fierro, A.; Abetz, V. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) mixed polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, 101–109.
  60. Roy, S.; Ntim, S.A.; Mitra, S.; Sirkar, K.K. Facile fabrication of superior nanofiltration membranes from interfacially polymerized CNT-polymer composites. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 375, 81–87.
  61. Nguyen, T.V.; Jeong, S.; Pham, T.T.N.; Kandasamy, J.; Vigneswaran, S. Effect of granular activated carbon filter on the subsequent flocculation in seawater treatment. Desalination 2014, 354, 9–16.
  62. Shih, Y.-H.; Li, M.-S. Adsorption of selected volatile organic vapors on multiwall carbon nanotubes. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 154, 21–28.
  63. Liu, J.; Pui, D.Y.H.; Wang, J. Removal of airborne nanoparticles by membrane coated filters. Sci. Total. Environ. 2011, 409, 4868–4874.
  64. Hung, C.-H.; Leung, W.W.-F. Filtration of nano-aerosol using nanofiber filter under low Peclet number and transitional flow regime. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2011, 79, 34–42.
  65. Leung, W.W.-F.; Hung, C.-H. Skin effect in nanofiber filtration of submicron aerosols. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2012, 92, 174–180.
  66. Yildiz, O.; Bradford, P.D. Aligned carbon nanotube sheet high efficiency particulate air filters. Carbon 2013, 64, 295–304.
  67. Kang, S.; Pinault, M.; Pfefferle, L.D.; Elimelech, M. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Exhibit Strong Antimicrobial Activity. Langmuir 2007, 23, 8670–8673.
  68. Kang, S.; Herzberg, M.; Rodrigues, D.F.; Elimelech, M. Antibacterial Effects of Carbon Nanotubes: Size Does Matter! Langmuir 2008, 24, 6409–6413.
  69. Dong, X.; Yang, L. Dual functional nisin-multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated filters for bacterial capture and inactivation. J. Biol. Eng. 2015, 9, 20.
  70. Xu, Z.; Yao, M. Effects of single-walled carbon nanotube filter on culturability and diversity of environmental bioaerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 2011, 42, 387–396.
  71. Vecitis, C.D.; Schnoor, M.H.; Rahaman, S.; Schiffman, J.D.; Elimelech, M. Electrochemical Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Filter for Viral and Bacterial Removal and Inactivation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 3672–3679.
  72. Ihsanullah; Laoui, T.; Al-Amer, A.M.; Khalil, A.B.; Abbas, A.; Khraisheh, M.; Atieh, M.A. Novel anti-microbial membrane for desalination pretreatment: A silver nanoparticle-doped carbon nanotube membrane. Desalination 2015, 376, 82–93.
  73. Zou, Z.; Yao, M. Airflow resistance and bio-filtering performance of carbon nanotube filters and current facepiece respirators. J. Aerosol Sci. 2015, 79, 61–71.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Megha Chitranshi
,
Anuptha Pujari
,
Vianessa Ng
,
Daniel Chen
,
Devika Chauhan
,
Ronald Hudepohl
,
Motahareh Saleminik
,
Sung Yong Kim
,
Ashley Kubley
,
Vesselin Shanov
,
Mark Schulz
View Times: 1.3K
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 11 Nov 2020
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback