Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Ion Romulus Scorei
 -- 12146 2022-09-08 08:48:34 |
2 We reorganized and removed some of the sections.
Ion Romulus Scorei
 -7008 word(s) 5138 2022-09-08 11:00:43 | |
3 layout
Jessie Wu
 -2726 word(s) 2412 2022-09-13 06:05:42 | |
4 We agree with this final form
Ion Romulus Scorei
 Meta information modification 2412 2022-09-13 08:06:19 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Biţă, A.;  Scorei, I.R.;  Bălşeanu, T.A.;  Ciocîlteu, M.V.;  Bejenaru, C.;  Radu, A.;  Bejenaru, L.E.;  Rău, G.;  Mogoşanu, G.D.;  Neamţu, J.; et al. Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26989 (accessed on 17 November 2024).
Biţă A,  Scorei IR,  Bălşeanu TA,  Ciocîlteu MV,  Bejenaru C,  Radu A, et al. Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26989. Accessed November 17, 2024.
Biţă, Andrei, Ion Romulus Scorei, Tudor Adrian Bălşeanu, Maria Viorica Ciocîlteu, Cornelia Bejenaru, Antonia Radu, Ludovic Everard Bejenaru, Gabriela Rău, George Dan Mogoşanu, Johny Neamţu, et al. "Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26989 (accessed November 17, 2024).
Biţă, A.,  Scorei, I.R.,  Bălşeanu, T.A.,  Ciocîlteu, M.V.,  Bejenaru, C.,  Radu, A.,  Bejenaru, L.E.,  Rău, G.,  Mogoşanu, G.D.,  Neamţu, J., & Benner, S.A. (2022, September 08). Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26989
Biţă, Andrei, et al. "Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 September, 2022.
Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms23169147

Boron (B) is considered a prebiotic chemical element with a role in both the origin and evolution of life, as well as an essential micronutrient for some bacteria, plants, fungi, and algae. B has beneficial effects on the biological functions of humans and animals, such as reproduction, growth, calcium metabolism, bone formation, energy metabolism, immunity, and brain function. Naturally organic B (NOB) species may become promising novel prebiotic candidates. NOB-containing compounds have been shown to be essential for the symbiosis between organisms from different kingdoms. New insights into the key role of NOB species in the symbiosis between human/animal hosts and their microbiota will influence the use of natural B-based colon-targeting nutraceuticals. The mechanism of action (MoA) of NOB species is related to the B signaling molecule (autoinducer-2-borate (AI-2B)) as well as the fortification of the colonic mucus gel layer with NOB species from B-rich prebiotic diets. Both the microbiota and the colonic mucus gel layer can become NOB targets. The evidence supporting the essentiality of the NOB species in the symbiosis between the microbiota and the human/animal hosts is reviewed, with the stated aim of highlighting the MoA and targets of these species.

boron prebiotic candidate microbiome intestinal microflora symbiosis

1. Introduction

Boron (B) is considered a prebiotic chemical element with a role in both the origin and evolution of life [1][2][3][4][5], as well as an essential micronutrient (meaning that life cannot be sustained without it) in plants [6][7], some bacteria [8][9], fungi, and algae [10]. Moreover, B is considered beneficial in human and animal nutrition [11][12]. B has not been classified as an essential micronutrient for humans and animals because its biological role has not been clearly identified [13][14][15]. However, B has beneficial effects on the biological functions of humans and animals, such as reproduction, growth, calcium metabolism, bone formation, energy metabolism, immunity, brain function, and steroid hormones, including vitamin D and estrogen [12][16][17][18].
As a scientific term, the word “prebiotic” has two meanings: (i) in the origin and evolution of life, “prebiotic” means either the chemical molecules essential for the evolution of life or the raw constituents from which these molecules were formed [3][19]; (ii) in nutrition, “prebiotic” today means “a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms (thereby) conferring a health benefit” [20]. The latest data on the accepted definition of prebiotics from nutrition and regulations have been well reviewed [21]. Currently, prebiotics are based on microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) [22] but also on other natural phytochemicals, such as polyphenols [23][24], polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) [25][26], lactose, and lactose derivatives [27]. The effects of prebiotics on human/animal health are increasingly being investigated, with many scientific papers published in this field [28]. Presently, the demonstrated prebiotic effects on health mainly involve benefits for the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, innate and adaptive immune homeostasis, cardiovascular metabolism, mental health, and bone health [29][30][31].
The MACs are some of the most important carbon sources for colon bacteria, as they promote the growth of healthy bacteria and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that can have multiple interactions with the host tissues [32]. A diet that is low in MACs favors bacteria that degrade the mucus and results in the decreased diversity of bacteria with a loss of beneficial bacterial strains. The MACs also contribute to the decreased epithelial integrity of the colon, favoring increased mortality and disease development, as proven within various preclinical and clinical research works [33]. The MAC class also includes some microbiota-accessible naturally organic B (NOB) species, which naturally occur in plants [34] and are present in fruits, vegetables, herbs, nuts, and seeds that are essential to human nutrition [35][36].
Various studies [37][38][39] have shown that sugar-alcohol B esters (SBEs), as NOB species, are crucial in plant development. More recently, SBEs have been proven to be potential modulators of health in humans as well [34][40][41][42]. The identification of the health benefits of SBEs and the further clinical recognition of their importance have become an important direction of research into the science of NOB compounds.
To date, out of all SBEs, only fructoborate (FB) has been clinically tested, proving to have beneficial and quantifiable activity in humans [18][34][35]. The main physiologically stable phyto-SBE compounds are B pectic polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) [43], glucose- and fructose-borate esters, bis-sucrose esters, and borate polyalcohols containing minimally digestible carbohydrates, such as sorbitol, mannitol, and dulcitol [42][44][45][46], and the recently discovered chlorogenoborate diester complex (CBDC) [47]. In the future, all of these compounds may be promising novel prebiotic candidates [47]. SBEs and CBDC (detected in green coffee beans) are found in numerous vegetables and fruits ingested by humans and animals, and from a biochemical point of view, they are indigestible but microbiota-accessible [34][47].
Recent studies have shown that, since the pKa of SBEs is approximately 4.0, their indigestibility is at a maximum above the pH (4.5) of the postprandial stomach [18][34]. In human cells, there are no known biochemical mechanisms or biomolecules that require B, and therefore, B has yet no specific status among nutraceuticals. As the mechanism of action (MoA) of B has not been identified in human/animal cellular metabolism, the market for B nutraceuticals does not yet distinguish between NOB compounds (e.g., SBEs, CBDC) and naturally inorganic B compounds (boric acid (BA), borates).
There is currently a major scientific gap between the use of B compounds in human and animal diets and the MoA of B and its target in the body [12]. However, more recent investigations have shown that in bacteria, the signaling molecule containing B (a furanosyl borate diester or autoinducer-2-borate (AI-2B)) contributes to the animal host’s health (via intestinal flora) and protection against pathogens [18][34][48]. Since SBEs are similar to AI-2B, it has been claimed [34] that SBEs can also increase the beneficial capabilities in some bacteria and reduce virulence in others. Considering the above-mentioned developments, new insights into the essentiality of B species in humans and animals are emerging. 

2. New Insights into the Essentiality of B Species in Symbiosis across Life Kingdoms

Symbiosis is described as “the close relationship between two organisms of different species, with benefits for one or both individuals” [49]. Symbiosis is any kind of long-term and close biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it parasitic, commensalic or mutualistic. These close interactions between species are often long term and, for the most part, beneficial to the symbionts [50].
B plays an essential role in several symbioses between plants or animals and bacteria, including the following:
(i) Rhizobium-legume symbioses: In micromole concentrations, B has been recognized as a key element (essential micronutrient) in the formation of a symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium, Azorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium [51][52]. Although, admittedly, B was not found to be essential for these bacteria, these findings show that when B is lacking, the rhizobia-legume “dialogue” is depressed, and the bacterium is identified as a pathogen agent by the plant with disastrous consequences for the symbiosis. The unanimously accepted MoA is that arabinogalactan-protein extensin (AGPE), a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, forms a B complex, while rhizobia cells are separated from it by an exopolysaccharide capsule [8][53]. The existence of a bacterial exopolysaccharide capsule is necessary to prevent the attachment of the AGPE glycoprotein matrix to the surface of the bacterium [54].
(ii) Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis: It is well known that a considerable natural accumulation of B in certain plant parts (especially roots and leaves) is controlled by the presence of several mycorrhizal and saprotrophic species [55]. Recently, mycorrhizal symbiosis has been shown to be essential for many plant species to acquire nutrients from soil [56]. Although B does not play a key role in fungi, some of them are carriers for organic B species; consequently, fungal species have been proposed to function as agents for ameliorating B toxicity and for regulating the amount of B species in plants [57]. An interesting fact is that some fungal species accumulate B, while other species exclude it, suggesting that B has specific functions among fungi as well [10]. Recent research has revealed the useful effect of AM symbiosis by diminishing B toxicity in roots and leaves in a citrus rhizome. AM symbiosis improves the tolerance of Carrizo citrus to excessive sources of B by reducing the concentration and toxicity of B in leaves and roots [58]. It is believed that mushrooms do not require B for their own metabolism; the first hypotheses about B in fungi indicated that B could be sequestered as SBEs in forms that are unavailable to fungi. At present, not much information is available about the role of organic B species in AM symbiosis, but future research may demonstrate that the essentiality of B in plants extends beyond the role of B in mycorrhizae/plant symbioses [59].
(iii) Actinorhizal symbiosis: A nitrogen-fixing bacterium with structure and functionality similar to heterocystous cyanobacteria is Frankia spp., an actinomycete symbiont of actinorhizal plants. The following mechanism of action was suggested: B may be necessary for maintaining the envelope of the heterocyst of cyanobacteria [60][61], the envelope of filaments and vesicles of Frankia spp. [53], and for activation of the quorum sensing (QS) autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signaling molecule [62]. Actinomyces spp. are ubiquitous in the soil and in animal microbiota, including human microbiota [53]. Certain species are commensal in the skin microflora, in the oral flora, intestinal flora and the vaginal flora of humans and animals, and it has been assumed that these microorganisms need B for symbiosis with the host (human/animal) [63].
(iv) Algal-bacterial symbiosis: B-vibrioferrin (a borate-siderophore complex) was separated from the specific environment of a bacterial “symbiont” from a toxic marine dinoflagellate, although this does not necessarily mean that B plays the role of algal partner [64].
(v) Animal kingdom-bacterial symbiosis: At present, although there is scarce scientific evidence to show that B deficiency adversely affects the symbiosis between an animal host and its microbiota, studies still provide strong and sufficient arguments for B’s importance in the microbiota’s health, such as the following:
(a) In microbiome bacteria, the signaling molecule with B, AI-2B, contributes to the health of the host (via intestinal flora or microbiota) and protection against pathogens [48]. Functionally, AI-2 has been linked to important bacterial processes, such as virulence and biofilm formation, suggesting the possibility of AI-2 reacting with B to produce AI-2B [65]. There is a growing body of work showing that the chemical language of bacteria using the AI-2 signaling molecule is a chemical language both between species and within the same species, as well as across kingdoms (e.g., bacteria and animals) [66][67].
(b) Oral administration of BA in toxic concentrations to Blattella germanica insects caused dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota (IM) [68].
(c) B is essential for symbiosis between nematodes and mice microbiomes. Low or marginal dietary intake with B may affect the establishment and survival of parasites through its effects on the intestinal microflora [69].
(d) Significant induction of Xenopus laevis tadpole larval growth has been shown to be correlated with changes in the host’s intestinal microbial communities. These changes in the host’s physiology are due to indirect effects of B that could stimulate bowel maturation, with a beneficial effect on bacteria that promote the host metabolism [70][71].
(e) Tartrolon is a natural B compound found in some species of bacteria and has been detected in marine bivalve mollusks of the Teredinidae family (a group of saltwater shells found in symbiosis with the Teredinibacter turnerae bacterium). Together with the T. turnerae bacterium, marine bivalve mollusks achieve cellulose digestion and nitrogen fixation. The antibacterial tartrolon produced by mollusk gill symbionts helps to suppress pathogenic bacteria in the mollusk gut and allows the host to more efficiently absorb the glucose released from the breakdown of lignocellulose [72].
(f) For chickens, it was observed that B-based nutrition (as BA) helped to regulate the microbiota following the attack of pathological bacteria. In fact, the BA formed complexes with carbohydrates and phenolic acids from the regular chickens’ diet. A simple calculation shows that 0.1% BA used in the experiment can be totally complexed by fructose and phenolic acids from the diet. The study suggests that B maintains intestinal homeostasis and is effective in controlling Salmonella enteritidis infection through the microbiota [73].
(g) Dietary B addition proved an influence related to dose on protozoan abundance and rumen microbial fermentation in one-year-old rams. The higher B content in the feces could be explained by its availability for the microbiota; B is not accumulated in any internal organ but only in the intestine. The concentration of B in the rumen fluid has been found to be lower than that in the feces [74].
(h) Other animal tests showed that, after five days of feeding the sheep with B, the feces had a high concentration of B (250 ppm), higher than in the urine (140 ppm) [75]. This experiment demonstrated the large capacity of the large intestine to “sequester” B. Additionally, this does not necessarily mean that there is a relationship between B metabolism and the organ volume.
(i) It has recently been found that when indigestible B in the nutrition ingested by African ostrich chicks reaches the colon, it interacts with the microbiota, thus stimulating apoptosis and cell proliferation. Here again, the proliferation of the intestinal cells is influenced by the relationship between B and microbiota [76].
(j) B in oral washes positively influences periodontal health. BA and calcium fructoborate (CaFB) hydrogels have shown their potential as a treatment option for gingivitis and periodontitis [77]. In another study, the B levels in non-carious teeth were also higher than in carious teeth, and a significant negative correlation was identified only in non-carious teeth group [78].
(k) Moderate supplementation with dietary B improved growth performance, the digestibility of crude protein, and the diarrhea index in weaned pigs, regardless of health status [79].
(l) In humans, a natural diet rich in B led to an improvement in the oral microbiota and, most importantly, to a decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is generally a consequence of dysbiosis [80]. At the same time, the ability to buffer saliva increased significantly after a diet rich in B, and the B level of decayed teeth was lower than that of healthy teeth [81]. Increased B in saliva has a positive effect on dental and oral health and may decrease the formation of cavities and show potential as a treatment option for gingivitis and periodontitis [77]. Important changes in salivary buffering capacity and TSH during a natural B-rich diet are of clinical importance, with dysbiosis being a common finding in thyroid disorders [81]. Recent work has also revealed that B-rich foods result in cardioprotective effects and longevity, improving long-term survival among patients with kidney transplantation (KTR) [77]. Another recent work showed that B-rich foods result in lower mortality risks and a more favorable cardiometabolic risk profile [82].
All these data presented above show that, differing from inorganic B species, B organic species mainly appear to be essential for the symbiosis among organisms from different kingdoms.

References

  1. Ricardo, A.; Carrigan, M.A.; Olcott, A.N.; Benner, S.A. Borate minerals stabilize ribose. Science 2004, 303, 196.
  2. Scorei, R.; Cimpoiaşu, V.M. Boron enhances the thermostability of carbohydrates. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 2006, 36, 1–11.
  3. Scorei, R. Is boron a prebiotic element? A mini-review of the essentiality of boron for the appearance of life on Earth. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 2012, 42, 3–17.
  4. Kim, H.J.; Furukawa, Y.; Kakegawa, T.; Bita, A.; Scorei, R.; Benner, S.A. Evaporite borate-containing mineral ensembles make phosphate available and regiospecifically phosphorylate ribonucleosides: Borate as a multifaceted problem solver in prebiotic chemistry. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. Engl. 2016, 55, 15816–15820.
  5. Zumreoglu-Karan, B.; Kose, D.A. Boric acid: A simple molecule of physiologic, therapeutic and prebiotic significance. Pure Appl. Chem. 2015, 87, 155–162.
  6. Bolaños, L.; Lukaszewski, K.; Bonilla, I.; Blevins, D. Why boron? Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2004, 42, 907–912.
  7. Pereira, G.L.; Siqueira, J.A.; Batista-Silva, W.; Cardoso, F.B.; Nunes-Nesi, A.; Araújo, W.L. Boron: More than an essential element for land plants? Front. Plant Sci. 2021, 11, 610307.
  8. Bolanos, L.; Esteban, E.; De Lorenzo, C.; Fernandez-Pascual, M.; De Felipe, M.R.; Garate, A.; Bonilla, I. Essentiality of boron for symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in pea (Pisum sativum) Rhizobium nodules. Plant Physiol. 1994, 104, 85–90.
  9. Raja, C.E.; Omine, K. Characterization of boron resistant and accumulating bacteria Lysinibacillus fusiformis M1, Bacillus cereus M2, Bacillus cereus M3, Bacillus pumilus M4 isolated from former mining site, Hokkaido, Japan. J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2012, 47, 1341–1349.
  10. Estevez-Fregoso, E.; Farfán-García, E.D.; García-Coronel, I.H.; Martínez-Herrera, E.; Alatorre, A.; Scorei, R.I.; Soriano-Ursúa, M.A. Effects of boron-containing compounds in the fungal kingdom. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2021, 65, 126714.
  11. Hunt, C.D. The biochemical effects of physiologic amounts of dietary boron in animal nutrition models. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994, 102, 35–43.
  12. Nielsen, F.H.; Eckhert, C.D. Boron. Adv. Nutr. 2020, 11, 461–462.
  13. Nielsen, F.H. The justification for providing dietary guidance for the nutritional intake of boron. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1998, 66, 319–330.
  14. Nielsen, F.H. Is boron nutritionally relevant? Nutr. Rev. 2008, 66, 183–191.
  15. Nielsen, F.H. Update on human health effects of boron. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2014, 28, 383–387.
  16. Rowe, R.I.; Bouzan, C.; Nabili, S.; Eckhert, C.D. The response of trout and zebrafish embryos to low and high boron concentrations is U-shaped. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1998, 66, 261–270.
  17. Rowe, R.I.; Eckhert, C.D. Boron is required for zebrafish embryogenesis. J. Exp. Biol. 1999, 202, 1649–1654.
  18. Donoiu, I.; Militaru, C.; Obleagă, O.; Hunter, J.M.; Neamţu, J.; Biţă, A.; Scorei, I.R.; Rogoveanu, O.C. Effects of boron-containing compounds on cardiovascular disease risk factors—A review. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2018, 50, 47–56.
  19. Benner, S.A. Paradoxes in the origin of life. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 2014, 44, 339–343.
  20. Gibson, G.R.; Hutkins, R.; Sanders, M.E.; Prescott, S.L.; Reimer, R.A.; Salminen, S.J.; Scott, K.; Stanton, C.; Swanson, K.S.; Cani, P.D.; et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017, 14, 491–502.
  21. Swanson, K.S.; Gibson, G.R.; Hutkins, R.; Reimer, R.A.; Reid, G.; Verbeke, K.; Scott, K.P.; Holscher, H.D.; Azad, M.B.; Delzenne, N.M.; et al. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 17, 687–701.
  22. Shi, H.; Wang, Q.; Zheng, M.; Hao, S.; Lum, J.S.; Chen, X.; Huang, X.F.; Yu, Y.; Zheng, K. Supplement of microbiota-accessible carbohydrates prevents neuroinflammation and cognitive decline by improving the gut microbiota–brain axis in diet-induced obese mice. J. Neuroinflamm. 2020, 17, 77.
  23. Corrêa, T.A.F.; Rogero, M.M.; Hassimotto, N.M.A.; Lajolo, F.M. The two-way polyphenols–microbiota interactions and their effects on obesity and related metabolic diseases. Front. Nutr. 2019, 6, 188.
  24. Mithul Aravind, S.; Wichienchot, S.; Tsao, R.; Ramakrishnan, S.; Chakkaravarthi, S. Role of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota, their metabolites and health benefits. Food Res. Int. 2021, 142, 110189.
  25. Costantini, L.; Molinari, R.; Farinon, B.; Merendino, N. Impact of omega-3 fatty acids on the gut microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2645.
  26. Zhu, X.; Bi, Z.; Yang, C.; Guo, Y.; Yuan, J.; Li, L.; Guo, Y. Effects of different doses of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on gut microbiota and immunity. Food Nutr. Res. 2021, 65, 6263.
  27. Aslam, H.; Marx, W.; Rocks, T.; Loughman, A.; Chandrasekaran, V.; Ruusunen, A.; Dawson, S.L.; West, M.; Mullarkey, E.; Pasco, J.A.; et al. The effects of dairy and dairy derivatives on the gut microbiota: A systematic literature review. Gut Microbes 2020, 12, 1799533.
  28. Cunningham, M.; Azcarate-Peril, M.A.; Barnard, A.; Benoit, V.; Grimaldi, R.; Guyonnet, D.; Holscher, H.D.; Hunter, K.; Manurung, S.; Obis, D.; et al. Shaping the future of probiotics and prebiotics. Trends Microbiol. 2021, 29, 667–685.
  29. Wu, H.J.; Wu, E. The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Gut Microbes 2012, 3, 4–14.
  30. Markowiak, P.; Śliżewska, K. Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1021.
  31. Peng, M.; Tabashsum, Z.; Anderson, M.; Truong, A.; Houser, A.K.; Padilla, J.; Akmel, A.; Bhatti, J.; Rahaman, S.O.; Biswas, D. Effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic-like components in common functional foods. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2020, 19, 1908–1933.
  32. Daïen, C.I.; Pinget, G.V.; Tan, J.K.; Macia, L. Detrimental impact of microbiota-accessible carbohydrate-deprived diet on gut and immune homeostasis: An overview. Front. Immunol. 2017, 8, 548.
  33. Gentile, C.L.; Weir, T.L. The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health. Science 2018, 362, 776–780.
  34. Hunter, J.M.; Nemzer, B.V.; Rangavajla, N.; Biţă, A.; Rogoveanu, O.C.; Neamţu, J.; Scorei, I.R.; Bejenaru, L.E.; Rău, G.; Bejenaru, C.; et al. The fructoborates: Part of a family of naturally occurring sugar–borate complexes—Biochemistry, physiology, and impact on human health: A review. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2019, 188, 11–25.
  35. Mogoşanu, G.D.; Biţă, A.; Bejenaru, L.E.; Bejenaru, C.; Croitoru, O.; Rău, G.; Rogoveanu, O.C.; Florescu, D.N.; Neamţu, J.; Scorei, I.D.; et al. Calcium fructoborate for bone and cardiovascular health. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2016, 172, 277–281.
  36. Xia, X.; Chang, J.S.; Hunter, J.M.; Nemzer, B.V. Identification and quantification of fructoborate ester complex using liquid chromatography coupled with Q exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry. J. Food Res. 2017, 6, 85–92.
  37. Brown, P.H.; Hu, H. Phloem mobility of boron is species dependent: Evidence for phloem mobility in sorbitol-rich species. Ann. Bot. 1996, 77, 497–506.
  38. Kobayashi, M.; Matoh, T.; Azuma, J. Two chains of rhamnogalacturonan II are cross-linked by borate–diol ester bonds in higher plant cell walls. Plant Physiol. 1996, 110, 1017–1020.
  39. Brown, P.H.; Hu, H. Phloem boron mobility in diverse plant species. Bot. Acta 1998, 111, 331–335.
  40. Miljkovic, D.; Scorei, R.I.; Cimpoiaşu, V.M.; Scorei, I.D. Calcium fructoborate: Plant-based dietary boron for human nutrition. J. Diet. Suppl. 2009, 6, 211–226.
  41. Scorei, I.D.; Scorei, R.I. Calcium fructoborate helps control inflammation associated with diminished bone health. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2013, 155, 315–321.
  42. Dinca, L.; Scorei, R. Boron in human nutrition and its regulations use. J. Nutr. Ther. 2013, 2, 22–29.
  43. O’Neill, M.A.; Ishii, T.; Albersheim, P.; Darvill, A.G. Rhamnogalacturonan II: Structure and function of a borate cross-linked cell wall pectic polysaccharide. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2004, 55, 109–139.
  44. Dembitsky, V.M.; Smoum, R.; Al-Quntar, A.A.; Ali, H.A.; Pergament, I.; Srebnik, M. Natural occurrence of boron-containing compounds in plants, algae and microorganisms. Plant Sci. 2002, 163, 931–942.
  45. Miguez-Pacheco, V.; Hench, L.L.; Boccaccini, A.R. Bioactive glasses beyond bone and teeth: Emerging applications in contact with soft tissues. Acta Biomater. 2015, 13, 1–15.
  46. Dembitsky, V.M.; Gloriozova, T.A. Naturally occurring boron containing compounds and their biological activities. J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 2017, 3, 147–154. Available online: https://www.jacsdirectory.com/journal-of-natural-products-and-resources/articleview.php?id=40 (accessed on 13 April 2022).
  47. Scorei, R.; Bita, A.; Dinca, L.; Mogosanu, D.; Rangavajla, N. Diester Chlorogenoborate Complex: Methods for Identification, Synthesis, Purification and Uses Thereof. United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), Provisional Patent Application No. 63271159/10/24/2021, 2021. Available online: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/basics/types-patent-applications/provisional-application-patent (accessed on 13 April 2022).
  48. Thompson, J.A.; Oliveira, R.A.; Xavier, K.B. Chemical conversations in the gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2016, 7, 163–170.
  49. Leidner, D.E. Review and theory symbiosis: An introspective retrospective. J. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 2018, 19, 552–567.
  50. Nelson, P.G.; May, G. Coevolution between mutualists and parasites in symbiotic communities may lead to the evolution of lower virulence. Am. Nat. 2017, 190, 803–817.
  51. González, J.E.; Marketon, M.M. Quorum sensing in nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2003, 67, 574–592.
  52. Abreu, I.; Cerda, M.E.; de Nanclares, M.P.; Baena, I.; Lloret, J.; Bonilla, I.; Bolaños, L.; Reguera, M. Boron deficiency affects rhizobia cell surface polysaccharides important for suppression of plant defense mechanisms during legume recognition and for development of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Plant Soil 2012, 361, 385–395.
  53. Bolaños, L.; Redondo-Nieto, M.; Bonilla, I.; Wall, L.G. Boron requirement in the Discaria trinervis (Rhamnaceae) and Frankia symbiotic relationship. Its essentiality for Frankia BCU110501 growth and nitrogen fixation. Physiol. Plant. 2002, 115, 563–570.
  54. Fournier, J.; Timmers, A.C.J.; Sieberer, B.J.; Jauneau, A.; Chabaud, M.; Barker, D.G. Mechanism of infection thread elongation in root hairs of Medicago truncatula and dynamic interplay with associated rhizobial colonization. Plant Physiol. 2008, 148, 1985–1995.
  55. Sonmez, O.; Aydemir, S.; Kaya, C. Mitigation effects of mycorrhiza on boron toxicity in wheat (Triticum durum) plants. N. Z. J. Crop. Hortic. Sci. 2009, 37, 99–104.
  56. Begum, N.; Qin, C.; Ahanger, M.A.; Raza, S.; Khan, M.I.; Ashraf, M.; Ahmed, N.; Zhang, L. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant growth regulation: Implications in abiotic stress tolerance. Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 1068.
  57. Hua, T.; Zhang, R.; Sun, H.; Liu, C. Alleviation of boron toxicity in plants: Mechanisms and approaches. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 51, 2975–3015.
  58. Simón-Grao, S.; Nieves, M.; Martínez-Nicolás, J.J.; Alfosea-Simón, M.; Cámara-Zapata, J.M.; Fernández-Zapata, J.C.; García-Sánchez, F. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis improves tolerance of Carrizo citrange to excess boron supply by reducing leaf B concentration and toxicity in the leaves and roots. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 173, 322–330.
  59. Quiroga, G.; Erice, G.; Aroca, R.; Ruiz-Lozano, J.M. Elucidating the possible involvement of maize aquaporins in the plant boron transport and homeostasis mediated by Rhizophagus irregularis under drought stress conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1748.
  60. Bonilla, I.; Garcia-González, M.; Mateo, P. Boron requirement in cyanobacteria: Its possible role in the early evolution of photosynthetic organisms. Plant Physiol. 1990, 94, 1554–1560.
  61. Garcia-Gonzalez, M.; Mateo, P.; Bonilla, I. Boron requirement for envelope structure and function in Anabaena PCC 7119 heterocysts. J. Exp. Bot. 1991, 42, 925–929.
  62. Chen, X.; Schauder, S.; Potier, N.; Van Dorsselaer, A.; Pelczer, I.; Bassler, B.L.; Hughson, F.M. Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron. Nature 2002, 415, 545–549.
  63. Bonilla, I.; Redondo-Nieto, M.; El-Hamdaoui, A.; Wall, L.G.; Bolaños, L. Essentiality of boron for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes and actinorhizal plants. In Boron in Plant and Animal Nutrition; Goldbach, H.E., Brown, P.H., Rerkasem, B., Thellier, M., Wimmer, M.A., Bell, R.W., Eds.; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 2002; pp. 261–267.
  64. Harris, W.R.; Amin, S.A.; Küpper, F.C.; Green, D.H.; Carrano, C.J. Borate binding to siderophores: Structure and stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12263–12271.
  65. Cuadra, G.A.; Frantellizzi, A.J.; Gaesser, K.M.; Tammariello, S.P.; Ahmed, A. Autoinducer-2 detection among commensal oral streptococci is dependent on pH and boric acid. J. Microbiol. 2016, 54, 492–502.
  66. Kaper, J.B.; Sperandio, V. Bacterial cell-to-cell signaling in the gastrointestinal tract. Infect. Immun. 2005, 73, 3197–3209.
  67. Pereira, C.S.; Thompson, J.A.; Xavier, K.B. AI-2-mediated signalling in bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2013, 37, 156–181.
  68. Jiang, M.; Dong, F.Y.; Pan, X.Y.; Zhang, Y.N.; Zhang, F. Boric acid was orally toxic to different instars of Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) and caused dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2021, 172, 104756.
  69. Bourgeois, A.C.; Scott, M.E.; Sabally, K.; Koski, K.G. Low dietary boron reduces parasite (Nematoda) survival and alters cytokine profiles but the infection modifies liver minerals in mice. J. Nutr. 2007, 137, 2080–2086.
  70. Fort, D.J.; Rogers, R.L.; McLaughlin, D.W.; Sellers, C.M.; Schlekat, C.L. Impact of boron deficiency on Xenopus laevis: A summary of biological effects and potential biochemical roles. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2002, 90, 117–142.
  71. Evariste, L.; Flahaut, E.; Baratange, C.; Barret, M.; Mouchet, F.; Pinelli, E.; Galibert, A.M.; Soula, B.; Gauthier, L. Ecotoxicological assessment of commercial boron nitride nanotubes toward Xenopus laevis tadpoles and host-associated gut microbiota. Nanotoxicology 2021, 15, 35–51.
  72. Elshahawi, S.I.; Trindade-Silva, A.E.; Hanora, A.; Han, A.W.; Flores, M.S.; Vizzoni, V.; Schrago, C.G.; Soares, C.A.; Concepcion, G.P.; Distel, D.L.; et al. Boronated tartrolon antibiotic produced by symbiotic cellulose-degrading bacteria in shipworm gills. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, E295–E304.
  73. Hernandez-Patlan, D.; Solis-Cruz, B.; Adhikari, B.; Pontin, K.P.; Latorre, J.D.; Baxter, M.F.A.; Hernandez-Velasco, X.; Merino-Guzman, R.; Méndez-Albores, A.; Kwon, Y.M.; et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial and intestinal integrity properties of boric acid in broiler chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis: Proof of concept. Res. Vet. Sci. 2019, 123, 7–13.
  74. Sizmaz, O.; Koksal, B.H.; Yildiz, G. Rumen microbial fermentation, protozoan abundance and boron availability in yearling rams fed diets with different boron concentrations. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 2017, 26, 59–64.
  75. Miyamoto, S.; Sutoh, M.; Shiomoto, A.; Yamazaki, S.; Nishimura, K.; Yonezawa, C.; Matsue, H.; Hoshi, M. Determination of boron in animal materials by reactor neutron induced prompt gamma-ray analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2000, 244, 307–309.
  76. Sun, P.P.; Luo, Y.; Wu, X.T.; Ansari, A.R.; Wang, J.; Yang, K.L.; Xiao, K.; Peng, K.M. Effects of supplemental boron on intestinal proliferation and apoptosis in African ostrich chicks (Efectos del boro suplementario sobre la proliferación intestinal y apoptosis en polluelos de avestruz africana). Int. J. Morphol. 2016, 34, 830–835.
  77. Mitruţ, I.; Cojocaru, M.O.; Scorei, I.R.; Biţă, A.; Mogoşanu, G.D.; Popescu, M.; Olimid, D.A.; Manolea, H.O. Preclinical and histological study of boron-containing compounds hydrogels on experimental model of periodontal disease. Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol. 2021, 62, 219–226.
  78. Kuru, R.; Balan, G.; Yilmaz, S.; Taslı, P.N.; Akyuz, S.; Yarat, A.; Sahin, F. The level of two trace elements in carious, non-carious, primary, and permanent teeth. Eur. Oral Res. 2020, 54, 77–80.
  79. Cho, H.M.; Macelline, S.P.; Wickramasuriya, S.S.; Shin, T.K.; Kim, E.; Son, H.C.; Heo, J.M. Moderate dietary boron supplementation improved growth performance, crude protein digestibility and diarrhea index in weaner pigs regardless to the sanitary condition. Anim. Biosci. 2022, 35, 434–443.
  80. Bargiel, P.; Szczuko, M.; Stachowska, L.; Prowans, P.; Czapla, N.; Markowska, M.; Petriczko, J.; Kledzik, J.; Jędrzejczyk-Kledzik, A.; Palma, J.; et al. Microbiome metabolites and thyroid dysfunction. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 3609.
  81. Kuru, R.; Yilmaz, S.; Balan, G.; Tuzuner, B.A.; Tasli, P.N.; Akyuz, S.; Yener Ozturk, F.; Altuntas, Y.; Yarat, A.; Sahin, F. Boron-rich diet may regulate blood lipid profile and prevent obesity: A nondrug and self-controlled clinical trial. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2019, 54, 191–198.
  82. Weber, K.S.; Ratjen, I.; Enderle, J.; Seidel, U.; Rimbach, G.; Lieb, W. Plasma boron concentrations in the general population: A cross-sectional analysis of cardio-metabolic and dietary correlates. Eur. J. Nutr. 2022, 61, 1363–1375.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Andrei Biţă
,
Ion Romulus Scorei
,
Tudor Adrian Bălşeanu
,
Maria Viorica Ciocîlteu
,
Cornelia Bejenaru
,
Antonia Radu
,
Ludovic Everard Bejenaru
,
Gabriela Rău
,
George Dan Mogoşanu
,
Johny Neamţu
,
Steven A. Benner
View Times: 932
Revisions: 4 times (View History)
Update Date: 13 Sep 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback