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Hu, X.;  Liu, H.;  Tan, X.;  Xiao, C.;  Tan, Q.;  Li, J.;  Yi, C. Shoal-to-Strata Ratio Technique. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24690 (accessed on 18 May 2024).
Hu X,  Liu H,  Tan X,  Xiao C,  Tan Q,  Li J, et al. Shoal-to-Strata Ratio Technique. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24690. Accessed May 18, 2024.
Hu, Xiuquan, Hong Liu, Xiucheng Tan, Chenjing Xiao, Qian Tan, Jianghan Li, Chi Yi. "Shoal-to-Strata Ratio Technique" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24690 (accessed May 18, 2024).
Hu, X.,  Liu, H.,  Tan, X.,  Xiao, C.,  Tan, Q.,  Li, J., & Yi, C. (2022, June 30). Shoal-to-Strata Ratio Technique. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24690
Hu, Xiuquan, et al. "Shoal-to-Strata Ratio Technique." Encyclopedia. Web. 30 June, 2022.
Shoal-to-Strata Ratio Technique
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/jmse10060825

The requirements for the accurate characterization of shoal sediments have increased in view of the fact that strata are eroded due to uplift and it is difficult to calculate the real thickness of granular shoal. To solve this problem, with the shoal-to-strata ratio, the type and distribution range of carbonate rock shoal facies are described, and the characterization of sedimentary facies is subsequently presented.

shoal-to-strata ratio carbonate rock shoal facies Eastern Sichuan area

1. Introduction

As development and research related to the oil and gas sector continuously increase, it is necessary to carry out sedimentary facies analysis to identify favorable reservoir facies belts. The study of sedimentary facies and sub-facies, especially microfacies, is vital for the development of subtle oil and gas reservoirs [1][2]. In recent years, it has been found that a large amount of oil and gas is stored in the reservoirs of shoal facies [3][4][5], indicating that favorable shoal facies are important for the formation of oil and gas reservoirs [3][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. An important factor restricting the progress of oil and gas exploration is the poor understanding of the distribution regularity of shoal facies [14][15]. Many researchers have conducted extensive research on shoals, including the study of sedimentary environments [16], controlling factors [17][18], and types and depositional patterns of shoals [19]. The results from previous studies have shown that shoal facies can be formed in sedimentary environments of carbonate platforms, platform edges, gentle slopes, and tidal flats [16][20][21][22]. The quality of carbonate shoal facies reservoirs is controlled by sedimentary microfacies and micro-paleo-geomorphic fluctuations.

2. Geological Background

The Eastern Sichuan region is under the jurisdiction of the Chongqing–Fuling Line and includes counties such as Kaijiang, Wanzhou, Dazhu, Dianjiang, Fengdu, Yubei, and Fuling in Chongqing (Figure 1). It is located in the southern Sichuan Basin, among Mounts Huaying, Qiyao, and Daba. There are numerous ejective folds trending northeast–southwest in Eastern Sichuan from west to east. This abnormally developed fault belt includes Tongluo Gorge, Mingyue Gorge, and Huangnitang [23][24][25][26].
Figure 1. Geographical location map of study area showing relevant fault lines and wells (modified from [21]), and comprehensive histogram of Well Ban3.
In early Permian times, the Sichuan Basin experienced extensive uplift and denudation, and marine transgression occurred, forming high paleogeography in the west and low paleogeography in the east. At the same time, the Liangshan, Qixia, Maokou, and Longtan Formation/Wujiaping Formations were deposited successively in the eastern Sichuan Basin. During the early depositional period of the Maokou Formation, tectonic extension intensified, and the Sichuan Basin experienced the largest transgression event throughout South China in the Permian. The sedimentary environment in Eastern Sichuan was mainly a deep-water, mud-rich, open-sea environment. In the middle depositional period of the Maokou Formation, sea levels continued to decrease, and the development area of shoals increased. Under the joint control of basement faults and the extensional structural environment [27][28], tectonic extension activity was further intensified. The craton intra-platform extensional trough developed in northeastern Sichuan, and platform marginal deposits developed along the extensional trough. During the late depositional period of the Maokou Formation, due to the DongWu Movement, the entire Eastern Sichuan area was uplifted, and the Maokou Formation was severely eroded. The uneroded area is dominated by open platform facies with abundant shoals.
According to the characteristics of lithological change, the Maokou Formation in Eastern Sichuan can be divided into four sections from bottom to top: Mao 1, Mao 2, Mao 3, and Mao 4. The second section of the Maokou Formation, Mao 2 (also referred to as P2m2), can be further divided into subsections a, b, and c. The Maokou Formation underwent varying degrees of denudation owing to the DongWu movement. The thickness of the residual stratum was 50–210 m, with significant variation. Many eyelid and eyeball limestones developed in the Mao 1 section, and bioclastic limestone developed in the Mao 2 section. In P2m2a and P2m2b, gray to dark gray medium-thick micritic bioclastic limestone developed, which was well stratified. In the P2m2c subsection, mainly bioclastic micritic limestone and argillaceous limestone developed, which are locally characterized by eyeball eyelid structures. In the Mao 3 section, gray to dark gray medium-thick layered micritic bioclastic limestone and bioclastic limestone developed, with many karst caves as well (Figure 1). The Mao 4 section is severely eroded, and can only be observed locally in the south, with the development of a weathering crust on the top.

3. The Technical Workflow for the Method of the Shoal-to-Strata Ratio

The workflow for the characterization of carbonate rock sedimentary facies using the shoal-to-strata ratio as a technical method is as follows (Figure 2):
(1)
Conduct a statistical study on the cumulative thickness of the granular limestone and the thickness of the strata in the studied layer section.
h = ∑ i = 1 n h i
where h is the cumulative thickness of the granular limestone, n is the number of granular limestone layers, and hi is the thickness of the ith layer of granular limestone.
H = D 1 − D 2
where H is the thickness of the strata, D1 is the bottom depth of the studied layer section, and D2 is the top depth of the studied layer section.
(2)
Calculate the ratio of the cumulative thickness of the granular limestone to the thickness of the strata in the layer section under study, that is, the shoal-to-strata ratio.
R = h H
where R is the shoal-to-strata ratio, H is the thickness of the strata, and h is the cumulative thickness of granular limestone.
(3)
Compared with the single-well facies division, good correlation, and reservoir physical properties for determining the minimum empirical threshold of shoal facies and the range value of various types of shoal facies, the values above indicate shoal facies deposits.
(4)
The shoal-to-ground ratio plane was compiled according to the minimum empirical threshold and range of the various types of shoal facies.
(5)
Based on the plane view of the shoal-to-strata ratio combined with analytical methods (rock thin section identification, cathodoluminescence, etc.), the planar distribution of sedimentary facies is plotted, and the characterization of sedimentary facies of carbonate rock is described.
Figure 2. Flowchart of characterization of sedimentary facies of carbonate rocks using shoal-to-strata ratio.

4. Conclusions

(1) 
In areas where carbonate rock strata are eroded, the shoal-to-strata ratio can accurately reflect the types and distribution of granular shoals compared with the use of shoal thickness to classify the sedimentary facies of carbonate rocks. By comparing the ratio values, the types of shoal bodies can be determined more accurately, and the development of granular shoals in the studied layer section can be analyzed.
(2)
 A new view of the platform margin development in the Maokou Formation in Eastern Sichuan is proposed, and the platform margin shoal is an important reservoir. In the Eastern Sichuan area, the distribution of sedimentary facies belts of P2m2a is in the sequence of open platform, platform margin, slope, and basin, from southwest to northeast. Intra-platform low-energy shoals and sloping low-energy shoals are mainly distributed in areas with a shoal-to-strata ratio of 0.3–0.5, intra-platform high-energy shoals are distributed in areas with a ratio of 0.5–0.6, and platform margin shoals are mainly distributed in areas with a ratio of 0.6–0.8. The gas production test results show that deposits of shoal facies control oil and gas production, and platform margin shoals have greater exploration potential than intra-platform high-energy shoals.
(3) 
The planar distribution diagram of the shoal-to-strata ratio can be used as an important supporting map for compiling sedimentary facies. It can help researchers quickly and accurately determine sedimentary environments and make plans for future exploration. The application results are positive, indicating that this method is worth popularizing and applying in related research fields.

References

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Subjects: Geology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Xiuquan Hu
,
Hong Liu
,
Xiucheng Tan
,
Chenjing Xiao
,
Qian Tan
,
Jianghan Li
,
Chi Yi
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Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 01 Jul 2022
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