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A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, which is algae or cyanobacteria. Endolichenic fungi are a group of microfungi that resides asymptomatically within the thalli of lichens. Endolichenic fungi can be recognized as luxuriant metabolic artists that produce propitious bioactive secondary metabolites.
Lichen |
Endolichenic Fungi |
No. |
Compound |
Microorganism |
Activity (µg/mL) |
Positive Control |
Activity (µg/mL) |
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diorygma hieroglyphicum |
Talaromyces funiculosus |
1 |
Funiculosone |
Escherichia coli |
IC50 = 25 |
- |
- |
[17] |
Staphylococcus aureus |
IC50 = 58 |
- |
- |
|||||
2 |
Mangrovamide J |
Escherichia coli |
IC50 = 65 |
- |
- |
|||
Staphylococcus aureus |
IC50 = 104 |
- |
- |
|||||
3 |
Ravenilin |
Escherichia coli |
IC50 = 23 |
- |
- |
|||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
IC50 = 96 |
- |
- |
|||||
Staphylococcus aureus |
IC50 = 25 |
- |
- |
|||||
Everniastrum sp. |
Ulocladium sp. |
4 |
6-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3a-methyl-3a,9b-dihydro-3H-furo[3,2-c]isochromene-2,5-dione |
Bacillus subtilis |
IC50 = 25.0 |
Gentamicin |
IC50 < 0.048 |
[18] |
5 |
6-O-methylnorlichexanthone |
Bacillus subtilis |
IC50 = 0.39 |
|||||
6 |
Altenusin |
Bacillus subtilis |
IC50 = 11.3 |
|||||
7 |
Alterlactone |
Bacillus subtilis |
IC50 = 11.8 |
|||||
8 |
Griseoxanthone C |
Bacillus subtilis |
IC50 = 0.35 |
|||||
9 |
Isoaltenuene |
Bacillus subtilis |
IC50 = 14.7 |
|||||
10 |
Norlichexanthone |
Bacillus subtilis |
IC50 = 0.58 |
|||||
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. |
IC50 = 5.4 |
Vancomycin |
IC50 < 1.03 |
|||||
11 |
Tricycloalternarene 1b |
Bacille Calmette-Guérin strain |
MIC = 125 |
- |
- |
[19] |
||
Ulocladium sp. (CHMCC 5507) |
12 |
Ophiobolin P |
Bacillus subtilis |
MIC = 12.6 |
Gentamicin |
MIC = 0.05 |
[20] |
|
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. |
MIC = 25.1 |
Vancomycin |
MIC = 1.0 |
|||||
13 |
Ophiobolin T |
Bacille Calmette-Guérin strain |
MIC = 12.7 |
Hygromycin |
MIC = 0.35 |
|||
Bacillus subtilis |
MIC = 6.3 |
Gentamicin |
MIC = 0.05 |
|||||
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
MIC = 12.7 |
Vancomycin |
MIC = 1.0 |
|||||
Parmelinella wallichiana |
Nigrospora sphaerica |
14 |
Alternariol |
Bacillus subtilis |
MIC = 31.2 |
Amikacin sulfate |
MIC = 0.45 |
[21] |
Escherichia coli |
MIC = 62.5 |
MIC = 0.90 |
||||||
Staphylococcus aureus |
MIC = 62.5 |
MIC = 0.90 |
||||||
15 |
Alternariol-9-methyl ether |
Bacillus subtilis |
MIC = 62.5 |
MIC = 0.45 |
||||
Pseudomonas fluorescens |
MIC = 31.2 |
MIC = 0.90 |
||||||
Staphylococcus aureus |
MIC = 62.5 |
MIC = 0.90 |
||||||
Parmotrema rampoddense |
Fusarium proliferatum |
16 |
Acetyl tributyl citrate |
Klebsiella pneumoniae |
MIC = 125 |
- |
- |
[22] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
MIC = 125 |
- |
- |
|||||
Staphylococcus aureus |
MIC = 125 |
- |
- |
|||||
17 |
Fusarubin |
Escherichia coli |
MIC = 1.56 |
- |
- |
|||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
MIC = 1.56 |
- |
- |
|||||
Staphylococcus aureus |
MIC = 1.56 |
- |
- |
|||||
Parmotrema ravum |
Aspergillus niger |
18 |
Asperpyrone A |
Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 737 |
IC50 = 112 |
- |
- |
[23] |
19 |
Aurasperone A |
Dickeya solani GBBC 1502 |
IC50 = 63 |
- |
- |
|||
Listeria innocua LMG11387 |
IC50 = 141 |
- |
- |
|||||
Pectobacterium sp. |
IC50 = 76 |
- |
- |
|||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 424 |
IC50 = 160 |
- |
- |
|||||
Pseudomonas syringae pv. Maculicola I11004 |
IC50 = 80 |
- |
- |
|||||
Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 737 |
IC50 = 135 |
- |
- |
|||||
20 |
Carbonarone A |
Dickeya solani GBBC 1502 |
IC50 = 88 |
- |
- |
|||
21 |
Fonsecinone A |
Escherichia coli MTCC 443 |
IC50 = 47 |
- |
- |
|||
Pseudomonas syringae pv. Maculicola I11004 |
IC50 = 154 |
- |
- |
|||||
Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 738 |
IC50 = 120 |
- |
- |
|||||
22 |
Pyrophen |
Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966 |
IC50 = 78 |
- |
- |
|||
Listeria innocua LMG11387 |
IC50 = 86 |
- |
- |
|||||
Micrococcus luteus DPMB3 |
IC50 = 63 |
- |
- |
|||||
Sticta fuliginosa |
Xylariaceae sp. (CR1546C) |
23 |
(R)-4,6,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone |
Bacillus subtilis |
IC50 = 104.2 |
Streptomycin sulphate |
IC50 = 5.2 |
[24] |
24 |
18-O-acetylambuic acid |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 |
IC50 = 10.9 |
Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) |
[25] |
|||
25 |
6,8-dihydroxy-(3R)-(2-oxopropyl)-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin |
Bacillus subtilis |
IC50 = 106.4 |
Streptomycin sulphate |
IC50 = 5.2 |
[24] |
||
26 |
Ambuic acid |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 |
IC50 = 15.4 |
Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) |
[25] |
|||
Usnea sp. |
Hypoxylon fuscum |
27 |
16-α-D-mannopyranosyloxyisopimar-7-en-19-oic acid |
Staphylococcus aureus CGMCC 1.2465 |
MIC = 46.4 |
Vancomycin Hydrochloride |
MIC = 3.12 |
[26] |
28 |
8-methoxy-1-naphthyl-β-glucopyranoside |
Staphylococcus aureus CGMCC 1.2465 |
MIC = 30.1 |
|||||
29 |
Phomol |
Staphylococcus aureus CGMCC 1.2465 |
MIC = 21.1 |
|||||
- |
Coniochaeta sp. |
30 |
Coniothienol A |
Enterococcus faecalis (CGMCC 1.2535) |
IC50 = 4.89 |
Ampicillin |
IC50 = 2.61 |
[27] |
Enterococcus faecium (CGMCC 1.2025) |
IC50 = 2.00 |
IC50 = 0.51 |
||||||
31 |
Coniothiepinols A |
Enterococcus faecalis (CGMCC 1.2535) |
IC50 = 11.51 |
IC50 = 2.61 |
||||
Enterococcus faecium (CGMCC 1.2025) |
IC50 = 3.93 |
IC50 = 0.51 |
||||||
Cetraria islandica |
Myxotrichum sp. |
32 |
Myxodiol A |
Candida albicans SC 5314 |
MIC = 128 |
Fluconazole |
MIC = 2 |
[28] |
Pestalotiopsis sp. |
33 |
Ambuic acid derivative 1 |
Fusarium oxysporum |
MIC = 8 |
Ketoconazole |
MIC = 8 |
[29] |
|
34 |
Ambuic acid derivative 2 |
Fusarium oxysporum |
MIC = 32 |
MIC = 8 |
||||
35 |
Ambuic acid derivative 4 |
Verticillium dahlia |
MIC = 32 |
MIC = 1 |
||||
36 |
Ambuic acid derivative 5 |
Fusarium gramineum |
MIC = 8 |
MIC = 8 |
||||
Fusarium oxysporum |
MIC = 8 |
MIC = 8 |
||||||
Verticillium dahlia |
MIC = 16 |
MIC = 1 |
||||||
37 |
Ambuic acid derivative 6 |
Fusarium gramineum |
MIC = 8 |
MIC = 8 |
||||
38 |
Ambuic acid derivative 7 |
Rhizoctonia solani |
MIC = 32 |
MIC = 8 |
||||
39 |
Ambuic acid derivative 8 |
Rhizoctonia solani |
MIC = 32 |
MIC = 8 |
||||
40 |
Ambuic acid derivative 9 |
Fusarium gramineum |
MIC = 32 |
MIC = 8 |
||||
Fusarium oxysporum |
MIC = 16 |
MIC = 8 |
||||||
41 |
Ambuic acid derivative 11 |
Fusarium gramineum |
MIC = 32 |
MIC = 8 |
||||
Cetrelia sp. |
Aspergillus sp. CPCC 400810 |
42 |
Isocoumarindole A |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 32.0 |
Caspofungin |
MIC = 0.03 |
[30] |
Diorygma hieroglyphicum |
Talaromyces funiculosus |
1 |
Funiculosone |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 35 |
- |
- |
[17] |
Everniastrum sp. |
Ulocladium sp. |
43 |
7-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-propyl)-5-methyl-isochromen-1-one |
Candida albicans SC 5314 |
IC50 = 45.4 |
Amphotericin B |
IC50 = 1.03 |
[18] |
44 |
7-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-isochromen-1-one |
Candida albicans SC 5314 |
IC50 = 18.7 |
|||||
6 |
Altenusin |
Aspergillus fumigatus |
IC50 = 57.5 |
IC50 = 0.74 |
||||
8 |
Griseoxanthone C |
Candida albicans SC 5314 |
IC50 = 40.6 |
IC50 = 1.03 |
||||
10 |
Norlichexanthone |
Aspergillus fumigatus |
IC50 = 43.6 |
IC50 = 0.74 |
||||
45 |
Rubralactone |
Aspergillus fumigatus |
IC50 = 63.3 |
IC50 = 0.74 |
||||
Candida albicans SC 5314 |
IC50 = 54.7 |
IC50 = 1.03 |
||||||
Lethariella zahlbruckner |
Tolypocladium cylindrosporum |
46 |
Pyridoxatin |
Candida albicans (Multiple strains) |
MIC = 0.5 − 8.0 |
Fluconazole |
MIC = 1.0 − 2.0 |
[31] |
Candida glabrata (Multiple strains) |
MIC = 1.0 − 8.0 |
MIC = 1.0 − 2.0 |
||||||
Candida krusei (Multiple strains) |
MIC = 1.0 − 4.0 |
MIC = 1.0 − 2.0 |
||||||
Candida tropicalis CT2 |
MIC = 32 |
MIC = 2.0 |
||||||
Lobaria quercizans |
Aspergillus versicolor |
47 |
3,7-dihydroxy-1,9-dimethyldibenzofuran |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 64 |
Fluconazole |
MIC = 2 |
[32] |
48 |
Cordyol C |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 8 |
|||||
49 |
Diorcinol D |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 8 |
|||||
50 |
Diorcinol I |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 32 |
|||||
51 |
Violaceol I |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 8 |
|||||
52 |
Violaceol II |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 8 |
|||||
Parmelia sp. |
Periconia sp. |
53 |
3-(2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)propanoic acid |
Aspergillus niger |
MIC = 31 |
Cycloheximide |
MIC < 16 |
[33] |
54 |
Pericocin A |
Aspergillus niger |
MIC = 31 |
Cycloheximide |
MIC < 16 |
|||
55 |
Pericocin B |
Aspergillus niger |
MIC = 31 |
|||||
56 |
Pericocin C |
Aspergillus niger |
MIC = 31 |
|||||
57 |
Pericocin D |
Aspergillus niger |
MIC = 31 |
|||||
58 |
Pericoterpenoid A |
Aspergillus niger |
MIC = 31 |
[34] |
||||
Tolypocladium sp. (4259a) |
46 |
Pyridoxatin |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 0.5 |
- |
- |
[35] |
|
Parmelinella wallichiana |
Nigrospora sphaerica |
14 |
Alternariol |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 80.0 |
Ketoconazole |
MIC = 1.90 |
[21] |
Parmotrema ravum |
Aspergillus niger |
59 |
Aspergyllone |
Candida parapsilosis |
IC50 = 52 |
- |
- |
[23] |
19 |
Aurasperone A |
Candida krusei MTCC 9215 |
IC50 = 373 |
- |
- |
|||
20 |
Carbonarone A |
Candida albicans MTCC 227 |
IC50 = 103 |
- |
- |
|||
Candida krusei MTCC 9215 |
IC50 = 31 |
- |
- |
|||||
22 |
Pyrophen |
Candida albicans MTCC 227 |
IC50 = 74 |
- |
- |
|||
Candida glabrata |
IC50 = 97 |
- |
- |
|||||
Candida utilis IHEM 400 |
IC50 = 62 |
- |
- |
|||||
Pseudosyphellaria sp. |
Biatriospora sp. |
60 |
2-acetonyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-7-methoxynaphthazarin |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 64 |
Fluconazole |
MIC = 2 |
[36] |
61 |
6-deoxy-7-O-demethyl-3,4-anhydrofusarubin |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 32 |
|||||
62 |
Biatriosporin D |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 16 |
|||||
63 |
Biatriosporin K |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 64 |
|||||
Sticta fuliginosa |
Xylariaceae sp. (CR1546C) |
64 |
(3R,4S)-3,4,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 63.2 |
Amphotericin B |
IC50 = 1.3 |
[24] |
65 |
(3S,4S)-3,4,6,8-tetrahydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 67.8 |
|||||
23 |
(R)-4,6,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 78.2 |
|||||
66 |
2,4-dihydroxy-6-(2-oxopropyl)-benzoic acid |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 101.3 |
|||||
67 |
5,6,8-trihydroxy-3(R)-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 71.4 |
|||||
68 |
6,8-dihydroxy-(3)-(2-oxopropyl)-isocoumarin |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 98.1 |
|||||
25 |
6,8-dihydroxy-(3R)-(2-oxopropyl)-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 71.2 |
|||||
69 |
6,8-dihydroxy-3(R)-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 65.1 |
|||||
70 |
6,8-dihydroxy-3-[(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]-isocoumarin |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 99.1 |
|||||
71 |
6,8-dihydroxy-3-methylisocoumarin |
Candida albicans |
IC50 = 67.2 |
|||||
Umbilicaria sp. |
Floricola striata |
72 |
Floricolin A |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 16 |
- |
- |
[37] |
73 |
Floricolin B |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 8 |
- |
- |
|||
74 |
Floricolin C |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 8 |
- |
- |
|||
75 |
Floricolin D |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 64 |
- |
- |
|||
76 |
Terphenyl 2 |
Candida albicans |
MIC = 64 |
- |
- |
|||
Usnea baileyi |
Xylaria venustula |
77 |
N-dodecyldiethanolamine (DDE) |
Candida albicans NCTC713 |
MIC = 5.5 |
- |
- |
|
78 |
Piliformic acid |
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides |
MIC = 625.2 |
Captan |
MIC = 5000 |
|||
Difenoconazole |
MIC = 8.1 |
|||||||
- |
Coniochaeta sp. |
31 |
Coniothiepinols A |
Fusarium oxysporum (CGMCC 3.2830) |
IC50 = 13.12 |
Carbendazim |
IC50 = 0.44 |
[27] |
Parmelinella wallichiana |
Nigrospora sphaerica |
14 |
Alternariol |
Herpes Simplex Virus |
IC50 = 34.9 |
- |
- |
[41] |
15 |
Alternariol-9-methyl ether |
Herpes Simplex Virus |
IC50 = 64.0 |
- |
- |
|||
Usnea baileyi |
Xylaria venustula |
79 |
Isoplysin A |
Plasmodium falciparum |
MIC = 0.97 |
- |
- |
Scaffold |
Compounds |
---|---|
|
4, 9, 14, 15, 25, 42, 43, 44, 45, 53, 54, 56, 57, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 |
|
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 18, 19, 20, 21, 30, 31, 55, 59 |
|
24, 26, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 |
|
48, 49, 50, 51, 52 |
|
17, 61, 63 |
|
23, 64, 65 |