Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Hyun Seok
 + 1888 word(s) 1888 2021-06-17 10:30:55 |
2 format correction
Peter Tang
 Meta information modification 1888 2021-06-24 03:16:51 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Seok, H. Silk Protein-Based Membrane for GBR. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11215 (accessed on 16 November 2024).
Seok H. Silk Protein-Based Membrane for GBR. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11215. Accessed November 16, 2024.
Seok, Hyun. "Silk Protein-Based Membrane for GBR" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11215 (accessed November 16, 2024).
Seok, H. (2021, June 23). Silk Protein-Based Membrane for GBR. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11215
Seok, Hyun. "Silk Protein-Based Membrane for GBR." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 June, 2021.
Silk Protein-Based Membrane for GBR
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/app8081214

Silk derived from the silkworm is known for its excellent biological and mechanical properties. It has been used in various fields as a biomaterial, especially in bone tissue engineering scaffolding. Recently, silk protein-based biomaterial has been used as a barrier membrane scaffolding for guided bone regeneration (GBR). GBR promotes bone regeneration in bone defect areas using special barrier membranes. GBR membranes should have biocompatibility, biodegradability, cell occlusion, the mechanical properties of space-making, and easy clinical handling. Silk-based biomaterial has excellent biologic and mechanical properties that make it a good candidate to be used as GBR membranes. 

silk fibroin sericin guided bone regeneration barrier membrane bone tissue engineering

1. Introduction

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) promotes new bone formation in bone defects using the barrier membrane [1]. The barrier membrane prevents the infiltration of the epithelial cells and the down growth of the connective tissue in the defect area [2]. It secures the space for the migration of osteoblasts and osteogenic cells and for new bone to grow in [2]. The barrier membrane must have several beneficial properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability without immune reaction, cell occlusion to prevent epithelial cell migration, the mechanical property for space making, tissue integration, and easy clinical handling [3]. However, there is no ideal barrier membrane that satisfies all of these properties. Generally, two types of the membrane have been used for GBR: resorbable and non-resorbable membranes [4].
Non-resorbable membranes, such as titanium mesh and titanium-reinforced expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE), have high biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and stability [5]. They can stably maintain the form of grafted bone material and secure the space for bone growth [6]. The e-PTFE membrane effectively occludes the soft tissue cell invasion [7]. Even though non-resorbable membranes have had successful clinical outcomes in GBR, they can be more easily exposed in the oral cavity and lead to wound dehiscence compared with resorbable membranes [8], causing bacterial contamination on the membrane and potentially leading to the failure of the bone graft. Therefore, when membrane exposure occurs, it should be removed immediately [9]. Resorbable membranes have been widely used in clinical practice due to their advantages with similar results as the non-resorbable membranes [10]. As the main source of the resorbable membrane, collagen has good biocompatibility, low risk of membrane exposure and donor site infection, and no need of a secondary surgery for removal [11]. However, collagen membranes have weak mechanical properties, rapid biodegradation, and lower space-making ability compared to non-resorbable membranes [10]. To overcome this problem, cross-linking membranes have been manufactured, but the agent used in the cross-linking can be cytotoxic during degradation [12][13].
Silk derived from the silkworm Bombyx mori (B. mori) is a natural biopolymer [14]. Silk is mainly composed of fibroin and sericin [14]. Silk fibroin (SF) has been used as a biomaterial after the removal of sericin by the degumming process [15]. Several types of SF material have been used for bone tissue engineering scaffolding, such as sponge, film, and hydrogel forms [16]. SF has excellent biocompatibility, biodegradation, oxygen and water permeability, and tissue integration [16]. Recently, the application of silk protein-based biomaterial for the GBR membrane has been reported [17][18]. SF membranes have good osteogenic cell adhesion and induce new bone formation [17]. Although SF has excellent biological benefits as GBR membranes, it has weak mechanical properties and is difficult to handle [19]. The silk mat from cocoons, which is not the result of the degumming process, shows excellent mechanical properties [20]. This silk mat can be separated in different layers by eco-friendly methods [20][21]. As a GBR membrane, it shows excellent tensile strength and comparable new bone regeneration in vivo [20][22].
The clinical indication of the GBR procedure has been increased in the maxillofacial bone region [23]. GBR membranes are applied to the areas of bone defect after cyst and tumor excision, tooth extraction, and deficient alveolar bone for implant installation [11][24]. However, commercially available GBR membranes have limitations according to their material, properties, and high prices [25]. The ideal GBR membrane has biological and mechanical properties, easy handling, and reasonable pricing [26]. Previously, various forms of silk protein-based membrane have been introduced for use in GBR [19]. Silk protein-based membranes have excellent osteogenic and mechanical properties and show potential as GBR membranes [17][21].

2. Silk Material Proteins

Silk, as a protein polymer containing repetitive amino acids, is spun into fiber from the secretory gland of Lepidoptera larvae, such as silkworms, spiders, bees, and flies [27]. The composition and structure of silk differs depending on the species [28]. Silk derived from silkworms has been popularly used in the textile industry for centuries and in biomedical suture material for decades due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility [28]. Silk derived from silkworms consists of two major proteins, fibroin (72–81%) and sericin (19–38%) [14]. Both proteins contain the same 18 amino acids, including glycine, alanine, and serine in different ratios [14]. Fibroin composes the core of silk filament, and sericin coats the fibroin fiber (Figure 1). Sericin is a glue-like protein that makes two fibroin fibers bind together [29]. Sericin is a water-soluble protein, and generally, it is removed by the thermochemical treatment known as the degumming process [15]. Silk-based biomaterial has been used as a suture material for wound treatment, and recently, it has been widely used as the major component of biomaterials, including bone tissue scaffolding, wound dressing materials, drug delivery, and vascular patches [27][30]. Silk material has suitable properties for use as bone scaffolding material, and it can be easily obtained and processed in various forms of scaffolding [29].
Applsci 08 01214 g001 550
Figure 1. Scanning electron microscopic view of cocoon fiber. (a) The silk mat is composed of interconnecting strings. Each string has two main fibers (F) and surrounding bonding proteins (S). (b) After the removal of sericin (S), two fibers composed of silk fibroin (F) remain.

3. Silk Fibroin Membrane

SF as natural biomaterial has been studied for use in the scaffolding of bone tissue engineering [31]. SF has been known as a biocompatible and biodegradable biomaterial [29]. However, SF is a high-molecule natural polymer and can induce an inflammatory reaction when implanted in the human body. Therefore, low molecular SF power is used as a bone graft scaffold [32]. Low molecular SF power shows favorable osteogenic cell properties in in vitro studies. It increases the expression of osteogenic genes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type 1, and transforming growth factor-β1, and the ALP activity in MG-63 cells [32]. In vivo, the low molecular SF power combined with Choukroun platelet-rich fibrin showed rapid bone regeneration compared with the empty defect in a rabbit calvarial defect and a rabbit tibia peri-implant defect [33][34].
SF can be manufactured as a membrane-type scaffold for use as a GBR membrane [35]. GBR membranes should have several properties, such as biocompatibility, mechanical properties for space maintenance, cell occlusion of connective tissue cells, and biodegradability without inflammatory reaction [10]. SF membranes can be made by an electrospinning and casting technique [27]. SF membrane has shown cell and tissue compatibility and the increase of osteogenic cell proliferation (Figure 2) [17]. The electrospinning SF nanofiber membrane increased osteoblast-like cell attachment and proliferation according to the culture period, and the expression of osteocalcin and ALP activity were increased [36]. SF nanofiber membrane in a rabbit calvarial defect showed significantly increased new bone regeneration compared with the empty defect without inflammatory reaction [36]. Compared with commercial collagen membranes, SF nanofiber membranes have shown satisfactory mechanical stability and new bone regeneration ability in a rat calvarial defect [37]. In clinical application, SF nanofiber membranes have shown similar bone regeneration ability compared with polylactic acid/poly(lactic/glycolic) acid (PLA/PLGA) membranes in tooth extraction defects [38][39].
Applsci 08 01214 g002 550
Figure 2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of cell attachment on the surface of silk fibroin (SF) membranes. (A) SEM image shows the SF membrane surface for day 0; (B) the cells gradually filled across the fiber texture, covering approximately 10–20% of the SF membrane surface; (C) at 5 days, the gap between the SF membrane fibers was filled and covered by the cell attachment; (D) at 7 days, the surface of the SF membrane was nearly filled and covered with cells (reproduced from previous publication by permission) [17].
The SF membrane manufactured by the casting technique showed higher new bone regeneration ability than the uncovered defect in a rabbit calvarial defect (Figure 3) [19], and compared with the collagen membrane, it shows comparable new bone regeneration without inflammatory reaction [40]. However, the casting SF membrane has weak mechanical properties and is brittle in its dry state [19]. Despite their low mechanical properties and difficult handling, SF membranes can be suitable barrier membranes for GBR due to their low cost and biocompatibility [40]. In the previously reported study, the silk-based membranes showed their potential as GBR membranes. They have favorable osteogenic cell compatibility and new bone regeneration ability with low immune reaction.
Applsci 08 01214 g003 550
Figure 3. Micro-computerized tomography (CT) image at 8 weeks after operation [19]. SF membrane was applied on the rabbit calvarial defect. (a) Unfilled defect in the control group; (b) SF membrane group; (c) bone volume analysis of the micro-CT. New bone formation was significantly higher in the SF membrane group than the control (* p < 0.05). (“*” means significant difference)
4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) is natural phenolic compound that has antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activity [41]. It has been used as a food additive for preventing the enzymatic browning of fruit and seafood [42]. Medically, it has been used as an antiparasitic and antiseptic agent, and now, it is used as a topical antiseptic ingredient for skin and throat lozenges [43][44]. 4-HR has an anticancer effect through the suppression of the transglutaminase and inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways [45]. The NF-κB pathway is related to osteoclast differentiation, and the NF-κB pathway inhibitor can impair the osteoclast activation [46][47]. As a result, 4-HR can inhibit the osteoclast activation, and it may contribute to new bone regeneration.
Tetracycline (TC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against gram-positive and negative bacteria [48]. It inhibits the protein synthesis of bacteria and has bacteriostatic activity [48]. TC has an affinity to the mineralizing tissue of bone and tooth and causes the proliferation of osteoblastic cell [49]. It decreases the degradation of the collagen matrix and bone resorption and has been used for the treatment of periodontal disease [50][51]. Using its antimicrobial and therapeutic activity, TC has been used as a component of the SF membrane for new bone regeneration [52].
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin that is known for its excellent biologic properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity [53]. Chitosan has been used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, such as in wound healing, drug carriers, and tissue engineering scaffolding [54]. Chitosan is blended with SF and widely used in the tissue engineering scaffolding of bone and cartilage and skin healing [55]. Various forms of chitosan-blended SF scaffolds can be manufactured for bone tissue engineering, such as film, nanofiber, and membranes, and it shows good osteogenic properties by increasing osteogenic cell proliferation and gene expression [53][56][57].

4. Silk Mat as GBR Membrane

Silkworm cocoons have a multi-layered structure (Figure 4), and the silk mat is produced from silkworm cocoons by cutting and peeling off [20]. As it is produced manually without any chemical treatment, its production is eco-friendly [20]. As the size of the cocoon is limited, the size of the silk mat is also limited. Because silkworm cocoons have a layered structure, their separation into thin membranes is easy. By manual separation, their thickness can be 0.01–0.2 mm. This silk mat shows good tensile strength in wetting conditions [20][22]. Considering the oral environment, high tensile strength in wetting conditions is an advantage.
Applsci 08 01214 g007 550
Figure 4. Silkworm cocoon. (a) After removing the larva, the cocoon has a Rugby ball-like structure; (b) when the cocoon is cut into a rectangular shape, it is easily peeled off as many sheets.

References

  1. Bottino, M.C.; Thomas, V.; Schmidt, G.; Vohra, Y.K.; Chu, T.M.G.; Kowolik, M.J.; Janowski, G.M. Recent advances in the development of GTR/GBR membranes for periodontal regeneration—A materials perspective. Dent. Mater. 2012, 28, 703–721.
  2. Dahlin, C.; Linde, A.; Gottlow, J.; Nyman, S. Healing of bone defects by guided tissue regeneration. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1988, 81, 672–676.
  3. McAllister, B.S.; Haghighat, K. Bone augmentation techniques. J. Periodontol. 2007, 78, 377–396.
  4. Jung, R.E.; Fenner, N.; Hämmerle, C.H.; Zitzmann, N.U. Long-term outcome of implants placed with guided bone regeneration (GBR) using resorbable and non-resorbable membranes after 12–14 years. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2013, 24, 1065–1073.
  5. Lorenzoni, M.; Pertl, C.; Polansky, R.A.; Jakse, N.; Wegscheider, W.A. Evaluation of implants placed with barrier membranes. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2002, 13, 274–280.
  6. Jovanovic, S.A.; Schenk, R.K.; Orsini, M.; Kenney, E.B. Supracrestal bone formation around dental implants: An experimental dog study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 1995, 10, 23–31.
  7. Ronda, M.; Rebaudi, A.; Torelli, L.; Stacchi, C. Expanded vs. Dense polytetrafluoroethylene membranes in vertical ridge augmentation around dental implants: A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2014, 25, 859–866.
  8. Zitzmann, N.U.; Naef, R.; Schärer, P. Resorbable versus nonresorbable membranes in combination with Bio-oss for guided bone regeneration. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 1997, 12, 844–852.
  9. Verardi, S.; Simion, M. Management of the exposure of e-PTFE membranes in guided bone regeneration. Pract. Proced. Aesthet. Dent. 2007, 19, 111–117.
  10. Lee, S.W.; Kim, S.G. Membranes for the guided bone regeneration. Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2014, 36, 239–246.
  11. Kim, S.Y.; Kim, Y.K.; Kim, H.S.; Yun, P.Y.; Kim, S.G.; Choi, Y.H. Extraction socket sealing using palatal gingival grafts and resorbable collagen membranes. Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2017, 39, 39.
  12. Bunyaratavej, P.; Wang, H.L. Collagen membranes: A review. J. Periodontol. 2001, 72, 215–229.
  13. Speer, D.P.; Chvapil, M.; Eskelson, C.; Ulreich, J. Biological effects of residual glutaraldehyde in glutaraldehyde-tanned collagen biomaterials. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1980, 14, 753–764.
  14. Cao, Y.; Wang, B. Biodegradation of silk biomaterials. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 1514–1524.
  15. Khan, M.M.R.; Tsukada, M.; Gotoh, Y.; Morikawa, H.; Freddi, G.; Shiozaki, H. Physical properties and dyeability of silk fibers degummed with citric acid. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 8439–8445.
  16. Vepari, C.; Kaplan, D.L. Silk as a biomaterial. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, 991–1007.
  17. Yoo, C.K.; Jeon, J.Y.; Kim, Y.J.; Kim, S.G.; Hwang, K.G. Cell attachment and proliferation of osteoblast-like mg63 cells on silk fibroin membrane for guided bone regeneration. Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2016, 38, 17.
  18. Lee, S.W.; Kim, S.G.; Song, J.Y.; Kweon, H.; Jo, Y.Y.; Lee, K.G.; Kang, S.W.; Yang, B.E. Silk fibroin and 4-hexylresorcinol incorporation membrane for guided bone regeneration. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2013, 24, 1927–1930.
  19. Song, J.Y.; Kim, S.G.; Lee, J.W.; Chae, W.S.; Kweon, H.; Jo, Y.Y.; Lee, K.G.; Lee, Y.C.; Choi, J.Y.; Kim, J.Y. Accelerated healing with the use of a silk fibroin membrane for the guided bone regeneration technique. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 2011, 112, e26–e33.
  20. Kweon, H.; Jo, Y.Y.; Seok, H.; Kim, S.G.; Chae, W.S.; Sapru, S.; Kundu, S.C.; Kim, D.W.; Park, N.R.; Che, X. In vivo bone regeneration ability of different layers of natural silk cocoon processed using an eco-friendly method. Macromol. Res. 2017, 25, 806–816.
  21. Kim, S.G.; Kim, M.K.; Kweon, H.; Jo, Y.Y.; Lee, K.G.; Lee, J.K. Comparison of unprocessed silk cocoon and silk cocoon middle layer membranes for guided bone regeneration. Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2016, 38, 11.
  22. Ha, Y.Y.; Park, Y.W.; Kweon, H.; Jo, Y.Y.; Kim, S.G. Comparison of the physical properties and in vivo bioactivities of silkworm-cocoon-derived silk membrane, collagen membrane, and polytetrafluoroethylene membrane for guided bone regeneration. Macromol. Res. 2014, 22, 1018–1023.
  23. Oh, J.H. Recent advances in dental implants. Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2017, 39, 33.
  24. Cha, H.S.; Kim, J.W.; Hwang, J.H.; Ahn, K.M. Frequency of bone graft in implant surgery. Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2016, 38, 19.
  25. Rakhmatia, Y.D.; Ayukawa, Y.; Furuhashi, A.; Koyano, K. Current barrier membranes: Titanium mesh and other membranes for guided bone regeneration in dental applications. J. Prosthodont. Res. 2013, 57, 3–14.
  26. Caballé-Serrano, J.; Munar-Frau, A.; Ortiz-Puigpelat, O.; Soto-Penaloza, D.; Peñarrocha, M.; Hernández-Alfaro, F. On the search of the ideal barrier membrane for guided bone regeneration. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 2018, 10, e477–e483.
  27. Qi, Y.; Wang, H.; Wei, K.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, R.Y.; Kim, I.S.; Zhang, K.Q. A review of structure construction of silk fibroin biomaterials from single structures to multi-level structures. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 237.
  28. Aigner, T.B.; DeSimone, E.; Scheibel, T. Biomedical applications of recombinant silk-based materials. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704636.
  29. Altman, G.H.; Diaz, F.; Jakuba, C.; Calabro, T.; Horan, R.L.; Chen, J.; Lu, H.; Richmond, J.; Kaplan, D.L. Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials 2003, 24, 401–416.
  30. Crivelli, B.; Perteghella, S.; Bari, E.; Sorrenti, M.; Tripodo, G.; Chlapanidas, T.; Torre, M.L. Silk nanoparticles: From inert supports to bioactive natural carriers for drug delivery. Soft Matter 2018, 14, 546–557.
  31. Melke, J.; Midha, S.; Ghosh, S.; Ito, K.; Hofmann, S. Silk fibroin as biomaterial for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2016, 31, 1–16.
  32. Kim, J.Y.; Choi, J.Y.; Jeong, J.H.; Jang, E.S.; Kim, A.S.; Kim, S.G.; Kweon, H.Y.; Jo, Y.Y.; Yeo, J.H. Low molecular weight silk fibroin increases alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen expression in mg63 cells. BMB Rep. 2010, 43, 52–56.
  33. Lee, E.H.; Kim, J.Y.; Kweon, H.Y.; Jo, Y.Y.; Min, S.K.; Park, Y.W.; Choi, J.Y.; Kim, S.G. A combination graft of low-molecular-weight silk fibroin with choukroun platelet-rich fibrin for rabbit calvarial defect. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 2010, 109, e33–e38.
  34. Jang, E.S.; Park, J.W.; Kweon, H.; Lee, K.G.; Kang, S.W.; Baek, D.H.; Choi, J.Y.; Kim, S.G. Restoration of peri-implant defects in immediate implant installations by choukroun platelet-rich fibrin and silk fibroin powder combination graft. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 2010, 109, 831–836.
  35. Smeets, R.; Knabe, C.; Kolk, A.; Rheinnecker, M.; Gröbe, A.; Heiland, M.; Zehbe, R.; Sachse, M.; Große-Siestrup, C.; Wöltje, M. Novel silk protein barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B 2017, 105, 2603–2611.
  36. Kim, K.H.; Jeong, L.; Park, H.N.; Shin, S.Y.; Park, W.H.; Lee, S.C.; Kim, T.I.; Park, Y.J.; Seol, Y.J.; Lee, Y.M. Biological efficacy of silk fibroin nanofiber membranes for guided bone regeneration. J. Biotechnol. 2005, 120, 327–339.
  37. Lu, S.; Wang, P.; Zhang, F.; Zhou, X.; Zuo, B.; You, X.; Gao, Y.; Liu, H.; Tang, H. A novel silk fibroin nanofibrous membrane for guided bone regeneration: A study in rat calvarial defects. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2015, 7, 2244–2253.
  38. Hwang, W.J.; Jeong, S.N.; Kim, Y.S.; Pi, S.H.; You, H.K.; Chung, C.P.; Shin, H.S. Clinical study of guided bone regeneration of extracted socket with PLA/PGA membrane and silk fibroin membrane. J. Korean Acad. Periodontol. 2009, 39, 129–138.
  39. Han, D.H.; Hong, K.S.; Chung, C.H.; Yim, S.B. A comparative study for guided bone regeneration of silk fibroin nanomembrane (nanogide-s™). J. Korean Acad. Periodontol. 2008, 38, 475–482.
  40. Kim, J.Y.; Yang, B.E.; Ahn, J.H.; Park, S.O.; Shim, H.W. Comparable efficacy of silk fibroin with the collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects. J. Adv. Prosthodont. 2014, 6, 539–546.
  41. Kozubek, A.; Tyman, J.H. Resorcinolic lipids, the natural non-isoprenoid phenolic amphiphiles and their biological activity. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1–26.
  42. İyidoǧan, N.; Bayındırlı, A. Effect of L-cysteine, kojic acid and 4-hexylresorcinol combination on inhibition of enzymatic browning in Amasya apple juice. J. Food Eng. 2004, 62, 299–304.
  43. Program, N.T. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 4-hexylresorcinol (CAS No. 136-77-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 mice (Gavage Studies). Natl. Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser. 1988, 330, 1–166.
  44. Rabbani, G.; Gilman, R.; Kabir, I.; Mondel, G. The treatment of fasciolopsis buski infection in children: A comparison of thiabendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate, hexylresorcinol and tetrachloroethylene. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985, 79, 513–515.
  45. Kim, S.G.; JeonG, J.H.; Park, Y.W.; SonG, J.Y.; Kim, A.S.; CHoI, J.Y.; Chae, W.S. 4-hexylresorcinol inhibits transglutaminase-2 activity and has synergistic effects along with cisplatin in KB cells. Oncol. Rep. 2011, 25, 1597–1602.
  46. Nakagawa, N.; Kinosaki, M.; Yamaguchi, K.; Shima, N.; Yasuda, H.; Yano, K.; Morinaga, T.; Higashio, K. Rank is the essential signaling receptor for osteoclast differentiation factor in osteoclastogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998, 253, 395–400.
  47. Castellano, D.; Sepulveda, J.M.; García-Escobar, I.; Rodriguez-Antolín, A.; Sundlöv, A.; Cortes-Funes, H. The role of rank-ligand inhibition in cancer: The story of denosumab. Oncologist 2011, 16, 136–145.
  48. Chopra, I.; Roberts, M. Tetracycline antibiotics: Mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2001, 65, 232–260.
  49. Sanchez, A.R.; Rogers, R.S., 3rd; Sheridan, P.J. Tetracycline and other tetracycline-derivative staining of the teeth and oral cavity. Int. J. Dermatol. 2004, 43, 709–715.
  50. Golub, L.M.; McNamara, T.F.; Ryan, M.E.; Kohut, B.; Blieden, T.; Payonk, G.; Sipos, T.; Baron, H.J. Adjunctive treatment with subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline: Effects on gingival fluid collagenase activity and attachment loss in adult periodontitis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001, 28, 146–156.
  51. Gomes, P.S.; Fernandes, M.H. Effect of therapeutic levels of doxycycline and minocycline in the proliferation and differentiation of human bone marrow osteoblastic cells. Arch. Oral Biol. 2007, 52, 251–259.
  52. Seok, H.; Kim, S.G.; Kweon, H.; Jo, Y.Y.; Lee, K.G.; Kang, T.Y.; Chae, W.S.; Min, S.K.; Ahn, J.H.; Park, J.W. Comparison of different concentrations of tetracycline-loaded silk fibroin membranes on the guided bone regeneration in the rat calvarial defect model. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2014, 11, 476–482.
  53. Zhang, K.H.; Yu, Q.Z.; Mo, X.M. Fabrication and intermolecular interactions of silk fibroin/hydroxybutyl chitosan blended nanofibers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 2187–2199.
  54. Cai, Z.X.; Mo, X.M.; Zhang, K.H.; Fan, L.P.; Yin, A.L.; He, C.L.; Wang, H.S. Fabrication of chitosan/silk fibroin composite nanofibers for wound-dressing applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 3529–3539.
  55. Wu, Y.Y.; Jiao, Y.P.; Xiao, L.L.; Li, M.M.; Liu, H.W.; Li, S.H.; Liao, X.; Chen, Y.T.; Li, J.X.; Zhang, Y. Experimental study on effects of adipose-derived stem cell–seeded silk fibroin chitosan film on wound healing of a diabetic rat model. Ann. Plast. Surg. 2018, 80, 572–580.
  56. Lai, G.J.; Shalumon, K.; Chen, J.P. Response of human mesenchymal stem cells to intrafibrillar nanohydroxyapatite content and extrafibrillar nanohydroxyapatite in biomimetic chitosan/silk fibroin/nanohydroxyapatite nanofibrous membrane scaffolds. Int. J. Nanomed. 2015, 10, 567–584.
  57. Li, D.W.; He, J.; He, F.L.; Liu, Y.L.; Liu, Y.Y.; Ye, Y.J.; Deng, X.; Yin, D.C. Silk fibroin/chitosan thin film promotes osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biomater. Appl. 2018, 32, 1164–1173.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Engineering, Biomedical
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Hyun Seok
View Times: 755
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 24 Jun 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback