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Cinnamon plants (Cinnamomum spp.) are of the genus Lauraceae, native to South and Southeast Asia, and are generally used as food flavors and traditional medicinal plants. Cinnamomum osmophloeum, commonly known as indigenous cinnamon or pseudocinnamon, is endemic to Taiwan’s natural hardwood forests.
Bioactivity | Chemical Identification | C. osmophloeum Parts | Constituent (s) | Study | Mechanisms | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-inflammatory effect | LC-MS/MS | Leaves | Kaempferitrin | In vitro | Down-regulate the extracellular LDL-R (chronic inflammation-related diabetes mellitus) | Ku et al., (2017) [18] |
GC-MS | Twigs | Trans-cinnamaldehyde, caryophyllene oxide, L-borneol, L-bornyl acetate, eugenol, β-caryophyllene, E-nerolidol, and cinnamyl | In vitro | Suppressing nitric oxide synthesis by LPS-stimulated macrophages | Tung et al. (2008) [19] | |
GC-MS | Leaves | Trans-cinnamaldehyde,(-)-aromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide, T-cadinol, and α-cadinol |
In vitro | Suppressing nitric oxide production by LPS-stimulated macrophages | Tung et al. (2010) [20] | |
GC-MS and HPLC | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | In vitro | Cinnamaldehyde inhibits LPS-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine production | Chao et al. (2008) [21] | |
TLC | Leaves | NA | In vitro | Inhibition of the production of NO and cytokines (TNF-a and IL-12), from LPS/IFNc-activated macrophages | Fang, Rao & Tzeng (2005) [22] | |
CC, HPLC, TLC, ESIMS, and GC-MS | Twigs | Kaempferol glycosides | In vitro | Nitric oxide production inhibitory activities | Lin & Chang(2012) [23] | |
GC-MS | Leaves | Linalool and cinnamaldehyde | In vivo | Inhibition of the expression of molecules in both TLR4 and NLRP3 signaling pathways | Lee et al. (2018) [24] | |
GC-MS | Leaves | 21 compounds were identified | In vitro | Inhibition of IL-1â and IL-6 production | Chao et al. (2005) [25] | |
Antibacterial activity | GC | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | In vitro | Bactericidal | Chang, Chen & Chang (2001) [26] |
GC-MS | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, and cinnamyl acetate | In vitro | Bacterial inhibition | Chang et al. (2008) [27] | |
Antifungal activity | GC-MS | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | In vitro | NA | Cheng et al. (2006) [28] |
GC-MS | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | In vitro | NA | Wang, Chen & Chang (2005) [29] | |
Antioxidant activities | ESIMS | Twigs | Kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside | In vitro | NA | Chua, Tung, & Chang (2008) [30] |
GC-MS and GC−FID |
Leaves | Alloaromadendrene | In vitro | NA | Yu et al. (2014) [31] | |
GC-MS and GC-FID | Leaves | Trans-cinnamaldehyde | In vitro | NA | Yeh et al. (2013) [32] | |
GC-MS and GC-FID | Leaves | Trans cinnamaldehyde | In vivo | Expression of antioxidative-related genes was pointedly affected by essential oils from C. osmophloeum. | Hsu et al. (2012) [33] | |
Antidyslipidemic activity | HPLC | Leaves | Kaempferol and kaempferitrin | In vivo | Cholesterol-lowering activity | Lin et al. (2011) [34] |
Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant activities | A modified vanillin-H2SO4 assay A modified acid-butanol assay The AlCl3 method |
Twigs | Proanthocyanidin and tannin contents | In vitro | CoTE has PTP1B inhibitory activity to improve insulin or leptin resistance | Lin et al. (2016) [35] |
Hepatoprotective effects | NA | Leaves | trans-cinnamaldehyde, ()-aromadendrene, T-cadinol, or R-cadinol | In vivo | The modulation of anti-inflammatory activities (decreased the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor-R (TNF-R), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in serum) | Tung et al. (2011) [6] |
Pancreas Protective Effect and Hypoglycemic activity | GC/MS | Leaves | Linalool | In vivo | 1. Decreased pancreatic values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase 2. Decreased pancreatic levels of interleukin-1β and nitric oxide |
Lee et al. (2013) [3] |
Prevent Cardiac Hypertrophy | HPLC | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | In vivo | The protective role of cinnamaldehyde related to the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. | Yang et al. (2015) [7] |
Treatment of renal interstitial fibroblasts | NA | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | In vitro | Inhibit high glucose-induced hypertrophy (decreased cell size; cellular hypertrophy index; and protein levels of collagen IV, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin). | Chao et al. (2010) [4] |
Anticancer (liver and oral cancer) | TLC, CC and HPLC | Heart wood and roots | Lignan Esters | In vitro | Tumor cell growth inhibition | Chen et al. (2010) [36] |
Anti-diabetes | TLC | Twigs | Kaempferol glycosides CO-1 and CO-2 | In vitro | Enhanced adiponectin secretion, and activation of the insulin signaling pathway | Lee et al. (2009) [37] |
Anti-hyperuricemia effect | GC-MS | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | In vivo | Acts as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and reduces the serum uric acid levels | Wang et al. (2008) [2] |
Anxiolytic properties | HPLC | Leaves | Linalool | In vivo | Reduced the amount of 5-HT, DA and NE and increased the level of dopamine in striatum | Cheng et al. (2014) [38] |
Wound Repair Promoter and Antioxidant | NA | Leaves | NA | In vitro and in vivo | Inhibited tyrosinase activity and reduced melanin content | Lee et al. (2015) [39] |
Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties | NA | Barks | NA | In vivo | The growth inhibition of NO, TNF-, and IL-12, and tumor cell proliferation | Rao et al. (2007) [40] |
Hypolipidemic effects | NA | Leaves | S-(þ)-linalool | In vivo | Inhibited lipid accumulation through downregulation of 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation | Cheng et al. (2018) [41] |
Effect on the human immune system | HS-GC/MS and HPLC | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | In vivo | Cytokines modulatory effect | Lin et al. (2011) [42] |
Potential skin-whitening and protective agent | NA | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamylacetate | In vitro | Neutralized the IBMX-induced increase in melanin content in B16-F10 cells by inhibiting tyrosinase gene expression at the level of transcription | Lee et al. (2015) [39] |
Anti-inflammatory effect in intestine | GC/MS | Leaves | Linalool | In vivo | The suppression of the TLR4 pathway by CO and partly by the inhibitory effect of CO on the activity of xanthine oxidase | Lee et al. (2015) [43] |
Anti-tumor | NA | Leaves | Trans-cinnamaldehyde | In vitro | Trans-cinnamaldehyde triggers suicidal death oferythrocytes, i.e., cells devoid of mitochondria and gene expression. | Theurer et al. (2013) [44] |
Dietary supplements and treatment of hyperuricemia and gout | GC-MS and GC-FID | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | In vitro | The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity | Huang et al. (2018) [45] |
Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant activities | (MALDI/MS) (RP-HPLC) /MS/MS | Twigs | Proanthocyanidin | In vitro | The proanthocyanidins in CoTE mainly consisted of (epi)catechin and contained at least one A-type linkage. The inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase | Lin et al. (2016) [46] |
Intervention | Protocol | Population | Evidence of Effectiveness |
---|---|---|---|
Basic oral care | Tooth brushing, flossing, and one mouth rinse | All age groups and across all cancer treatment modalities | Not strong evidence |
Growth factors and cytokines | Palifermin (keratinocyte growth factor-1) |
Patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies | Strong evidence |
Anti-inflammatory agents | Benzydamine mouthwash | Patients with head and neck cancer receiving moderate-dose radiation therapy (up to 50 Grays), without concomitant chemotherapy | Strong evidence |
Laser and other light therapy | Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy for HSCT with or without total body irradiation |
Strong evidence |
Cryotherapy | The placement of ice chips in the mouth |
Patients receiving bolus dosing of 5-fluorouracil |
Strong evidence |
Natural and miscellaneous agents | Systemic zinc supplements administered orally (antioxidant effect) | Patients with oral cancer undergoing radiotherapy or chemoradiation | Not strong evidence |
Natural Agents | Bioactivity | References |
---|---|---|
Yarrow Plant (Achillea millefolium) | Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effect | Mirazandeh et al. (2014) [64] |
Manuka Honey (Leptospermum scoparium) | Wound healing and anti-microbial | Hawley et al. (2013) [63] |
Weleda Pflanzen-Zahngel and Weleda Ratanhia-Mundwasser | Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and lesion healing |
Tiemann et al. (2007) [61] |
Calendula officinalis flowers | Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant | Babaee et al. (2013) [65] |
Honey and coffee | Antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory |
Raeessi et al. (2014) [54] |
Aloe vera | Anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and wound healing | Sahebjamee et al. (2015) [62] |
Hangeshashinto: Pinelliae tuber, Scutellariae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Zizyphi Fructus, Ginseng Radix, Zingiberis Processum rhizoma, and Coptidis rhizome | Anti-inflammatory | Aoyama et al. (2014) [58] |
Indigowood Root (Isatis indigotica Fort.) | Anti-inflammatory | You et al. (2009) [60] |
Topical Honey | Anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and wound healing | Khanal et al. (2010) [66] |
Hippophae rhamnoides L. plant | Anti-oxidant, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and proinflammatory cytokine Antagonist |
Kuduban et al. (2016) [67] |
Honey from the clover plant Trifolium alexandrenum | Anti-microbial | Rashad et al. (2009) [69] |
Qingre Liyan decoction | Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory | Lambros et al. (2014) [70] |
Hangeshashinto | Anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial | Kono et al. (2014) [56] |
Chamomile | Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and antifungal |
Fidler et al. (1996) [55] |
Rhodila algida | Anti-oxidant and immunostimulant | Loo et al. (2010) [71] |
Qingre Liyan Decoction | Enhancing body immunity and promoting salivary EGF | Wu et al. (2007) [72] |
Chamomile | Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal |
Pourdeghatkar et al. (2017) [57] |
Pure Honey | Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory | Motallebnejad et al. (2008) [68] |
Aloe vera | Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal |
Puataweepong et al. (2009) [73] |
Aloe vera and vitamin E | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties | Cuba et al. (2015) [74] |
Traumeel S | Anti-inflammatory | Sencer et al. (2012) [75] |
Chamomilla recutita | Anti-inflammatory | Braga et al. (2015) [76] |
Wild chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) | Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal |
Mazokopakis et al. (2003) [56] |