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1 This report is an all-encompassing literature review on the pharmacological and dietary applications of Platycodon grandiflorus. It not only has a variety of effective chemical components, but also a lot of essential substances. P. grandiflorus can be use
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Ji, M.; Bo, A.; Yang, M.; Xu, J.; Jiang, L.; Zhou, B.; Li, M. Platycodon grandiflorus. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/295 (accessed on 25 December 2024).
Ji M, Bo A, Yang M, Xu J, Jiang L, Zhou B, et al. Platycodon grandiflorus. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/295. Accessed December 25, 2024.
Ji, Ming-Yue, Agula Bo, Min Yang, Jin-Fan Xu, Lin-Lin Jiang, Bao-Chang Zhou, Min-Hui Li. "Platycodon grandiflorus" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/295 (accessed December 25, 2024).
Ji, M., Bo, A., Yang, M., Xu, J., Jiang, L., Zhou, B., & Li, M. (2020, February 14). Platycodon grandiflorus. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/295
Ji, Ming-Yue, et al. "Platycodon grandiflorus." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 February, 2020.
Platycodon grandiflorus
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/foods9020142

Platycodon grandiflorus is a widely used edible, traditional Chinese medicinal herb. It is rich in saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other compounds. It contains a large number of fatty acids such as linoleic acid (up to 63.24%), a variety of amino acids, vitamins, and multiple essential trace elements.  In this entry, the active chemical components and the health benefits of P. grandiflorus have been reviewed, providing new ideas for the further development of nutraceutical products to prevent and manage chronic diseases.

Platycodon grandiflorus medicinal food saponins human health applications

1. Introduction

P. grandiflorus has several biological applications, such as in hypotension, lipid reduction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, relieving cough and phlegm, promoting cholic acid secretion, and as an antioxidant. Further, P. grandiflorus is often used in the development of cold mixed vegetables, canned vegetables, preserved fruit, salted vegetables, and cosmetics in northeast China, South Korea, Japan, and Korea.

2. Bioactive Components of 

2.1. Saponins

Saponin is a type of glycoside whose aglycone is a triterpenoid or spirosterol. Triterpenoid saponins are abundant in P. grandiflorus[1][2] . They are the main active component characteristic to P. grandiflorus, and are olefin-type pentacyclic triene derivatives. According to the parent nucleus of the saponins, they can be divided into platycodic acid, platycogenic acid, and polygalacic acid[3][4][5]. According to the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, the saponin content should not be less than 6.0% by gravimetric method in order to control the quality of medicinal materials[6]. At present, 75 triterpenoid glycosides have been isolated and identified from P. grandiflorus. Among them, platycodin A is considered to be the main saponin of P. grandiflorus.

Studies have also confirmed that PD is the main active compound in the extract of P. grandiflorus[7]. Guo[8] determined that the PD was present in all parts of the P. grandiflorus herb. However, the content of PD in the upper portion of roots and leaves was slightly lower than that of the main root, and the content of PD in the fibrous roots and root bark of the P. grandiflorus was higher than that in the aerial parts. PD is both medicinal and nutritional and has high anti-tussive[9], anti-obesity[10], anti-fibrosis[11], anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects[12]. In vitro experiments showed that platycodin D3 could eliminate phlegm and showed anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, platycodin D2, platycodin D3, and PD have significant antitumor activity[13][14][15]. Platycodin A, platycodin C, deapioplatycodin D, and 16-oxo-PD have been shown to have anti-obesity activities[16][17][18][19]. The saponins structures are shown in Figure 1.

Foods 09 00142 g002 550

Figure 1. Active triterpenoid saponins in P. grandiflorus.

2.2. Flavonoids

Flavonoids mainly exist in the upper portion of P. grandiflorus above the soil, mainly comprising of flavonoids, dihydroflavonoids, and flavonoid glycosides. At present, 11 flavonoids have been isolated and identified from P. grandiflorus[20]. It has been shown that six different flavonoids were obtained from the seeds and the flowers of P. grandiflorus, while 3 compounds were isolated from the aboveground part of P. grandiflorus grown in Poland[21]. Of these flavonoids, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and apigenin-7-O-glucoside exhibit strong antioxidant activity[21][22]. The structures of the flavonoids are shown in Figure 2, and the other nine flavonoids isolated from P. grandiflorus are listed in Table 1.

Foods 09 00142 g003 550

Figure 2. Active flavonoids in P. grandiflorus.

Table 1. The other flavonoids components isolated from P. grandiflorus.

No.

Name

Ref.

1

Platyconin

[20]

2

Apigenin

[20]

3

(2R,3R)-taxifolin

[20]

4

Luteolin

[20]

5

Quercetin-7-O-glucoside

[20][22]

6

Quercetin-7-O-rutinoside

[20][22]

7

Platycoside

[20][23][24]

8

Delphinidin-3-rutinoside-7-glucoside

[20][25]

9

Flavoplatycoside

[20]

2.3. Other Components

In addition to saponins and flavonoids, P. grandiflorus contains other compounds, such as phenolic acids, polyacetylene, sterols, and amino acids[24][25][26][27][28]. Phenolic acids are abundant in the roots and aboveground parts of P. grandiflorus; 14 kinds of antioxidant phenolic compounds have been isolated from the P. grandiflorus extract. Five polyacetylene compounds have been obtained from P. grandiflorus, which is an important criterion for the classification of P. grandiflorus[29]. Lobetyol has been found to have an anti-tumor effect.

Macromolecules have also been identified in P. grandiflorus. A study showed that P. grandiflorus contained 18 amino acids[16]. Among these, gamma-aminobutyric acid is an essential neurotransmitter chemical in the brain’s energy metabolism. In addition, the root of P. grandiflorus contains fatty acids, which accounted for 88.28% of the total lipids[30]. Inulin, grandoside, and polysaccharides have also been isolated from P. grandiflorus[31]. Studies have shown that the polysaccharides of P. grandiflorus have strong antioxidant activity[32]. Although the contents of bioactive components of P. grandiflorus were different, they all had high efficiency and low toxicity, which provided a scientific basis for characterizing its pharmacological activities. The structures of the other components are shown in Figure 3, and the other non-active components are listed in Table 2.

Foods 09 00142 g004 550

Figure 3. Other active components in P. grandiflorus.

Table 2. The others components isolated from P. grandiflorus.

Classes

No.

Compound Name

Ref.

Phenolic acids

1

Caffeic acid

[26]

 

2

3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid

[26]

 

3

Ferulic acid

[26]

 

4

Isoferulic acid

[26]

 

5

m-coumaric acid

[26]

 

6

p-coumaric acid

[26]

 

7

p-hydroxybenzoic acid

[26]

 

8

α-resorcylic acid

[26]

 

9

2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid

[26]

 

10

2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid

[26]

 

11

Homovanillic acid

[26]

 

12

Chlorogenic acid

[26]

 

13

Iobetyol

[27]

 

14

Iobetyolin

[27]

Polyacetylene

15

lobetyolinin

[28]

 

16

Lobetyolin

[28]

 

17

Platetyolin A

[20][33]

 

18

Platetyolin B

[20][33]

Sterols

19

Betulin

[28]

 

20

β-sitosterol

[28]

 

21

δ-7-stigmastenone-3

[11]

 

22

Spinasterol

[20]

 

23

α-spinasteryl-3-O-β-D-glucoside

[20]

Others

24

Threonine

[20]

 

25

Valine

[20]

 

26

Phenylalanine

[20]

 

27

Methionine

[20]

 

28

Isoleucine

[20]

 

29

Leucine

[20]

 

30

Lysine

[20]

 

31

Inulin

[20]

 

32

Grandoside

[20]

 

References

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  2. Tsuyoshi Saeki; Tamotsu Nikaido; [Evaluations of saponin properties of HPLC analysis of Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC].. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2003, 123, 431-441, 10.1248/yakushi.123.431.
  3. He, M.L.; Cheng, X.W.; Chen, J.K.; Zhou, T.S. Study on the Components and Quality of Platycodon grandiflorum. Tradit. Chin. Drug Res. Clinical Pharmacol. 2005, 16, 457–460.
  4. T. Akiyama; I.Y. Iitaka; O. Tanaka; Structure of platicodigenin, a sapogenin of Platycodon grandiflorum A.de Candolle. Tetrahedron Letters 1969, 9, 5577–5580, 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)97634-8.
  5. Tokuo Kubota; Hisako Kitatani; Hiroshi Hinoh; The structure of platycogenic acids A, B, and C, further triterpenoid constituents of Platycodon grandiflorum A. De candolle. Journal of the Chemical Society D: Chemical Communications 1969, 22, 1313, 10.1039/c29690001313.
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  12. Young Sup Kim; Jeoung Seob Kim; Sang-Un Choi; Jung Sook Kim; Hyun Sun Lee; Seong Hwan Roh; Young Chul Jeong; Young-Kyoon Kim; Shi Yong Ryu; Isolation of a New Saponin and Cytotoxic Effect of Saponins from the Root of Platycodon grandiflorum on Human Tumor Cell Lines. Planta Medica 2005, 71, 566-568, 10.1055/s-2005-864161.
  13. Ishii, H.; Tori, K.; Tozyo, T. Structures of polygalaein-D and-D2, platyeodin-D and -D2 and their monacetates, saponins isolated from platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. determined by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1978, 26, 674–677.
  14. Wang, C.; Levis, G.B.S.; Lee, E.B. Platycodin D and D3 isolated from the root of platycodon grandiflorum modulate the production of nitric oxide and secretion of TNF-ɑin activated RAW 264.7 cells. Int. Immunopharm. 2004, 4, 0–1049.
  15. Yul Ly Hwang; Hyung Jin Ahn; Geun Eog Ji; Fermentation of Platycodi radix and bioconversion of platycosides using co-cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7928 and Aspergillus awamori FMB S900. Food Science and Biotechnology 2015, 24, 183-189, 10.1007/s10068-015-0025-z.
  16. Zhou, Y. Research Progress of Platycodon Grandiflorum. World Latest Med. Inf. (Electronic Version) 2017, 17, 19+22.
  17. Ma, X.Q.; Li, S.M.; Chan, C.L. Influence of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile in Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng). Chin. Med. 2016, 11, 32.
  18. Yoshiteru Ida; Motonori Fukumura; Daigo Iwasaki; Yasuaki Hirai; Yumiko Hori; Kazuo Toriizuka; Peter T. M. Kenny; Yoshiyuki Kuchino; Eight New Oleanane-Type Triterpenoid Saponins from Platycodon Root. HETEROCYCLES 2010, 81, 2793, 10.3987/com-10-12058.
  19. Yeon Hee Choi; Dae Seok Yoo; Mi-Ran Cha; Chun Whan Choi; Young Sup Kim; Sang-Un Choi; Kang Ro Lee; Shi Yong Ryu; Antiproliferative Effects of Saponins from the Roots ofPlatycodon grandiflorumon Cultured Human Tumor Cells. Journal of Natural Products 2010, 73, 1863-1867, 10.1021/np100496p.
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  21. Irena Mazol; Michał Gleńsk; Wojciech Cisowski; Polyphenolic compounds from Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research 2004, 61, 203–208.
  22. Akira Inada; Hiroko Murata; Midori Somekawa; Tsutomu Nakanishi; Phytochemical Studies of Seeds of Medicinal Plants. II. A New Dihydroflavonol Glycoside and a New 3-Methyl-1-butanol Glycoside from Seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DE CANDOLLE.. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1992, 40, 3081-3083, 10.1248/cpb.40.3081.
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  30. Gong, X.; Wang, J.G.; Study on the Fatty Acid Compositions of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC by GC-MS.. Asia-Pac. Tradit. Med. 2010, 38, 11780–11782, 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2010.22.045.
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  32. Dong, Z.; Cao, W.G.; Duan, H.; Zhang, X.T.; Chen, J.; Zhang, K.; Zhang, K. Study on Extraction, Isolation, Purification and Biological Activity of Polysaccharides from Platycodon grandiflorum.. Genomics Appl. Biol. 2018, 37, 3534–3539, 10.13417/j.gab.037.003534.
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Subjects: Plant Sciences
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Ming-Yue Ji
,
Agula Bo
,
Min Yang
,
Jin-Fan Xu
,
Lin-Lin Jiang
,
Bao-Chang Zhou
,
Min-Hui Li
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Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 27 Oct 2020
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