Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 Adenotonsillectomy and orthodontic treatment were more effective together rather than separately to cure OSA in pediatric patients. However, further studies with good clinical evidence are required to confirm this finding.
laura templier
 + 428 word(s) 428 2020-07-27 07:54:47 |
2 Adenotonsillectomy and orthodontic treatment were more effective together rather than separately to cure Obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients. Further research with good clinical evidence is required to confirm this finding.
laura templier
 + 325 word(s) 753 2020-08-01 10:50:36 | |
3 Adenotonsillectomy and orthodontic treatment were more effective together rather than separately to cure obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients. Further research with good clinical evidence is required to confirm this finding.
laura templier
 + 272 word(s) 700 2020-08-01 10:57:25 | |
4 Adenotonsillectomy and orthodontic treatment were more effective together rather than separately to cure obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients. Further research with good clinical evidence is required to confirm this finding.
laura templier
 + 272 word(s) 700 2020-08-01 11:06:00 | |
5 format change
Nicole Yin
 -7 word(s) 693 2020-09-01 07:55:12 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Templier, L.; Rossi, C.; Miguez, M.; Pérez, J.D.L.C.; Curto, A.; Albaladejo, A.; Vich, M.L. Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1501 (accessed on 25 April 2024).
Templier L, Rossi C, Miguez M, Pérez JDLC, Curto A, Albaladejo A, et al. Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1501. Accessed April 25, 2024.
Templier, Laura, Cecilia Rossi, Manuel Miguez, Javier De La Cruz Pérez, Adrián Curto, Alberto Albaladejo, Manuel Lagravère Vich. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1501 (accessed April 25, 2024).
Templier, L., Rossi, C., Miguez, M., Pérez, J.D.L.C., Curto, A., Albaladejo, A., & Vich, M.L. (2020, July 31). Obstructive Sleep Apnea. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1501
Templier, Laura, et al. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea." Encyclopedia. Web. 31 July, 2020.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/jcm9082387

The aim of this study was to assess the current scientific data and to summarize systematically the evidence of efficiency of adenotonsillectomy (AT) and orthodontic treatment (i.e.: rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and mandibular advancement (MA)) in the treatment of pediatric OSA. AT and orthodontic treatment were more effective together than separately to cure OSA in pediatric patients. There was a higher decrease of Apnea Hypoapnea Index (AHI) and Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI), a major increase of the lowest oxygen saturation and the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) after undergoing both treatments. Nevertheless, reappearance of OSA could occur several years after reporting adequate treatment. In order to avoid recurrence, myofunctional therapy (MT) could be recommended as follow-up. However, further studies with good clinical evidence are required to confirm this finding.

surgical orthodontic treatments apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is described as a sleeping breathing disorder, characterized by prolonged partial upper airway obstruction and/or intermittent complete obstruction [1]. This syndrome is commonly correlated with intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation [2].

1. Introduction

The prevalence of OSA has been estimated, in a general orthodontic population, by questionnaires and it was found to be 10.8%, which is more than double that reported by similar methods in a healthy pediatric population [3].

OSA has also been associated with frequent snoring, disturbed sleep, daytime neurobehavioral problems, neurocognitive impairments, academic underperformance, hypertension, cardiac dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Daytime sleepiness may occur but is uncommon in young children [4]. Etiological factors include any condition that reduces the caliber of the upper airways, such as craniofacial dysmorphism, hypertrophy of lymphoid tissues, obesity, hypotonic neuromuscular diseases and neuromotor control alterations during sleep. However, adenotonsillar hypertrophy remains the main anatomical risk factor [4][5][6][7].

Therefore, adenotonsillectomy (AT) is the recommended first-line treatment for pediatric OSA in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy [4][8][9][10]. It has been demonstrated that AT reduced the severity of OSA in most children, and reduced symptoms and improved behavior, quality of life and polysomnographic findings [9]. However, a significant number of patients with pediatric OSA undergoing AT exhibit residual persistent post-surgery OSA [10].

2. Latest Research, Data, Model, Management, Applications or Influences or …

A literature search was conducted in several databases, including PubMed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane and LILACS up to 5th April 2020. The initial search yielded 509 articles, with 10 articles being identified as eligible after screening. 

2.1. Importance of pediatric treatment

Sleep disorders in children occur during the critical period of brain development. The consequences of not treating them can be of high relevance, leading to the following health conditions: stunted growth, cognitive and behavioral abnormalities such as hyperactivity, poor school performance, cardiovascular and endothelial dysfunction and an overall reduced quality of life [9][21].

2.2. Efficiency of combining treatments

As OSA is a multifactorial syndrome [22], a multidisciplinary approach should be taken to treat OSA in children. That is why, combined soft tissue surgery, orthodontic treatment worked more effectively together, reducing the AHI [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and increasing the mean of the lowest oxygen saturation.  [19][20][22]. These improvements were irrespective of the order in which the treatments were performed [20]. Moreover, the reappearance of OSA could occur several years after reporting adequate treatment. In order to avoid recurrence, myofunctional therapy could be recommended as a follow-up [17].

2.3. Optimal age

Any child aged 1 to 18 years old could be a candidate for tonsillectomy [23]. The most common late complications of AT were dehydration or secondary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) [24].  Patients younger than three years of age were more likely to present dehydration. However, PTH was more common in older children [25].

RME has to be undergone before the fusion of maxillary sutures, which is completed at the age of 14–15 in females and 15–16 in males [26]. 

Hence, functional treatment to treat skeletal class II was efficient when it was performed during the pubertal growth spurt [27][28][29]. Before, they will not have clinically relevant effects to correct the skeletal relationship but they achieved a dentoalveolar correction, effective in reducing overjet and severity of malocclusion [30].

3. Conclusions

AT and orthodontic treatment were more effective together rather than separately to cure OSA in pediatric patients. There was a greater decrease in AHI and RDI, a major increase in the mean of the lowest oxygen saturation and the ODI in patients after undergoing both treatments. Further research with good clinical evidence is required to confirm this finding.

References

  1. Loughlin, G.M.; Brouillette, R.T.; Brooke, L.J.; Carroll, J.L.; Chipps, B.E.; England, S.J.; Ferber, P.; Ferraro, N.F.; Gaultier, C.; Givan, D.C.; et al. Standards and indications for cardiopulmonary sleep studies in children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996, 153, 866-878.
  2. Marcus, C.L.; Annett, R.D.; Brooks, L.J.; Brouillette, R.T.; Carroll, J.L.; Givan, D.; Gozal, D.; Kiley, J.; Redline, S.; Rosen, C.L.; et al. Cardiorespiratory sleep studies in children. Establishment of normative data and polysomnographic predictors of morbidity. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999, 160, 1381–1387, doi:10.1164/ajrccm.160.4.16041.
  3. Abtahi, S.; Witmans, M.; Alsufyani, N.A.; Major, M.P.; Major, P.W. Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing in the orthodontic population: Prevalence of positive risk and associations. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2020, 157, 466–473, doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.05.015.
  4. Marcus, C.L.; Brooks, L.J.; Draper, K.A.; Gozal, D.; Halbower, A.C.; Jones, J.; Schechter, M.S.; Sheldon, S.H.; Spruyt, K.; Ward, S.D.; et al. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics 2012, 130, 576–584, doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1671.
  5. Marcus, C.L.; McColley, S.A.; Carroll, J.L.; Loughlin, G.M.; Smith, P.L.; Schwartz, A.R. Upper airway collapsibility in children with obstructive sleep-apnea syndrome. J. Appl. Physiol. 1994, 77, 918–924, doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.77.2.918.
  6. Arens, R.; Marcus, C.L. Pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction: A developmental perspective. Sleep 2004, 27, 997–1019, doi:10.1093/sleep/27.5.997.
  7. Redline, S.; Amin, R.; Beebe, D.; Chervin, R.D.; Garetz, S.L.; Giordani, B.; Marcus, C.L.; Moore, R.H.; Rosen, C.L.; Arens, R.; et al. The childhood adenotonsillectomy trial (CHAT): Rationale, design, and challenges of a randomized controlled trial evaluating a standard surgical procedure in a pediatric population. Sleep 2011, 34, 1509–1517, doi:10.5665/sleep.1388.
  8. Schechter, M.S. Technical report: Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics 2002, 109, e69.
  9. Marcus, C.L.; Moore, R.H.; Rosen, C.L.; Giordani, B.; Garetz, S.L.; Taylor, H.G.; Mitchell, R.B.; Amin, R.; Katz, E.S.; Arens, R.; et al. A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 2366–2376, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1215881.
  10. Tan, H.L.; Kheirandish-Gozal, L.; Gozal, D. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: Update on the recognition, treatment and management of persistent disease. Expert. Rev. Respir. Med. 2016, 10, 431–439, doi:10.1586/17476348.2016.1163224.
  11. Alexander, N.; Boota, A.; Hooks, K.; White, J.R. Rapid maxillary expansion and adenotonsillectomy in 9-year-old twins with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: An interdisciplinary effort. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 2019, 119, 126–134, doi:10.7556/jaoa.2019.019.
  12. Bignotti, D.; De Stefani, A.; Mezzofranco, L.; Bruno, G.; Gracco, A. Multidisciplinary approach in a 12-year-old patient affected by severe obstructive sleep apnea: A case-report. Sleep Med. Res. 2019, 10, 103–107, doi:10.17241/smr.2019.00465.
  13. Nauert, K. Kieferorthopädische Behandlung der obstruktiven Schlafapnoe im Kindesalter—Ein Fallbericht. Atemwegs Lungenkrankh. 2019, 45, 46–48, doi:10.5414/ATX02351.
  14. Gracco, A.; Bruno, G.; de Stefani, A.; Ragona, R.M.; Mazzoleni, S.; Stellini, E. Combined orthodontic and surgical treatment in a 8-years-old patient affected by severe obstructive sleep apnea: A case-report. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 2018, 42, 79–84, doi:10.17796/1053-4628-42.1.14.
  15. Villa, M.P.; Castaldo, R.; Miano, S.; Paolini, M.C.; Vitelli, O.; Tabarrini, A.; Mazzotta, A.R.; Cecili, M.; Barreto, M. Adenotonsillectomy and orthodontic therapy in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2014, 18, 533–539, doi:10.1007/s11325-013-0915-3.
  16. Kim, M. Orthodontic treatment with rapid maxillary expansion for treating a boy with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med. Res. 2014, 5, 33–36, doi:10.17241/smr.2014.5.1.33.
  17. Guilleminault, C.; Huang, Y.S.; Monteyrol, P.J.; Sato, R.; Quo, S.; Lin, C.H. Critical role of myofascial reeducation in pediatric sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Med. 2013, 14, 518–525, doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.01.013.
  18. Guilleminault, C.; Huang, Y.-S.; Quo, S.; Monteyrol, P.-J.; Lin, C-H. Teenage sleep-disordered breathing: Recurrence of syndrome. Sleep Med. 2013, 14, 37–44, doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.08.010.
  19. Pirelli, P.; Saponara, M.; Guilleminault, C. Rapid maxillary expansion before and after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Somnologie Schlafforschung Schlafmed. 2012, 16, 125–132, doi:10.1007/s11818-012-0560-2.
  20. Guilleminault, C.; Monteyrol, P.-J.; Huynh, N.T.; Pirelli, P.; Quo, S.; Li, K. Adeno-tonsillectomy and rapid maxillary distraction in pre-pubertal children, a pilot study. Sleep Breath 2011, 15, 173–177, doi:10.1007/s11325-010-0419-3.
  21. Luz Alonso-Álvarez, M.; Canet, T.; Cubell-Alarco, M.; Estivill, E.; Fernández-Julián, E.; Gozal, D.; Jurado-Luque, M.J.; Lluch-Roselló, M.A.; Martínez-Pérez, F.; Merino-Andreu, M.; et al. Consensus document on sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children (full version). Sociedad Española de Sueño. El Área de Sueño de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica(SEPAR). Arch. Bronconeumol. 2011, 47, 2–18.
  22. Behrents, R.G.; Shelgikar, A.V.; Conley, R.S.; Flores-Mir, C.; Hans, M.; Levine, M.; McNamara, J.A.; Palomo, J.M.; Pliska, B.; Stockstill, J.W.; et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: An American Association of Orthodontists White Paper. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2019, 156, 13–28.
  23. Mitchell, R.B.; Archer, S.M.; Ishman, S.L.; Rosenfeld, R.M.; Coles, S.; Finestone, S.A.; Friedman, N.R.; Giordano, T.; Hildrew, D.M.; Kim, T.W.; et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Tonsillectomy in Children (Update)-Executive Summary. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2019, 160, 187–205.
  24. Belyea, J.; Chang, Y.; Rigby, M.H.; Corsten, G.; Hong, P. Post-tonsillectomy complications in children less than three years of age: A case-control study. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2014, 78, 871–874.
  25. Lindquist, N.R.; Feng, Z.; Patro, A.; Mukerji, S.S. Age-related causes of emergency department visits after pediatric adenotonsillectomy at a tertiary pediatric referral center. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2019, 127, 109668.
  26. Haas, A.J. Long-term posttreatment evaluation of rapid palatal expansion. Angle Orthod. 1980, 50, 189–217.
  27. Baccetti, T.; Franchi, L.; Stahl, F. Comparison of 2 comprehensive Class II treatment protocols including the bonded Herbst and headgear appliances: A double-blind study of consecutively treated patients at puberty. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2009, 135, 1–10.
  28. Baccetti, T.; Franchi, L.; Toth, L.R.; McNamara, J.A., Jr, Treatment timing for Twin-block therapy. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2000, 118, 159–170.
  29. Martina, R.; Cioffi, I.; Galeotti, A.; Tagliaferri, R.; Cimino, R.; Michelotti, A.; Valletta, R.; Farella, M.; Paduano, S. Efficacy of the Sander bite-jumping appliance in growing patients with mandibular retrusion: A randomized controlled trial. Orthod. Craniofac. Res. 2013, 16, 116–126.
  30. O’Brien, K.; Wright, J.; Conboy, F.; Sanjie, Y.; Mandall, N.; Chadwick, S.; Connolly, I.; Cook, P.; Birnie, D.; Hammond, M.; et al. Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: Dental and skeletal effects. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2003, 124, 234–243.
  31. Baccetti, T.; El tiempo: La cuarta dimensión en el plan de tratamiento de la maloclusión de Clase II. Rev. Esp. Ortod. 2011, 41, 199–204.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Pathology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Laura Templier
,
Cecilia Rossi
,
Manuel Miguez
,
Javier De la Cruz Pérez
,
Adrián Curto
,
Alberto Albaladejo
,
Manuel Lagravère Vich
View Times: 562
Revisions: 5 times (View History)
Update Date: 18 Jan 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback