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1 Dendritic cells (DCs) are heterogeneous immune cell population with consistent functional plasticity. Understanding the specific role of DC subsets in anti-tumor immunity will provide the rationale to design new therapeutic strategies in cancer therapy.
ANNALISA DEL PRETE
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Nicole Yin
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Del Prete, A.; Sozio, F.; Barbazza, I.; Salvi, V.; Tiberio, L.; Laffranchi, M.; Gismondi, A.; Bosisio, D.; Schioppa, T.; Sozzani, S. Dendritic Cell Subsets. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1265 (accessed on 19 April 2024).
Del Prete A, Sozio F, Barbazza I, Salvi V, Tiberio L, Laffranchi M, et al. Dendritic Cell Subsets. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1265. Accessed April 19, 2024.
Del Prete, Annalisa, Francesca Sozio, Ilaria Barbazza, Valentina Salvi, Laura Tiberio, Mattia Laffranchi, Angela Gismondi, Daniela Bosisio, Tiziana Schioppa, Silvano Sozzani. "Dendritic Cell Subsets" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1265 (accessed April 19, 2024).
Del Prete, A., Sozio, F., Barbazza, I., Salvi, V., Tiberio, L., Laffranchi, M., Gismondi, A., Bosisio, D., Schioppa, T., & Sozzani, S. (2020, July 06). Dendritic Cell Subsets. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1265
Del Prete, Annalisa, et al. "Dendritic Cell Subsets." Encyclopedia. Web. 06 July, 2020.
Dendritic Cell Subsets
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms21113930

Dendritic cells (DCs) constitute a complex network of cell subsets with common functions but also with many divergent aspects. All dendritic cell subsets share the ability to prime T cell response and to undergo a complex trafficking program related to their stage of maturation and function. For these reasons, dendritic cells are implicated in a large variety of both protective and detrimental immune responses, including a crucial role in promoting anti-tumor responses. Although cDC1s are the most potent subset in tumor antigen cross-presentation, they are not sufficient to induce full-strength anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell response and need close interaction and cooperativity with the other dendritic cell subsets, namely cDC2s and pDCs. Here, the functional role of dendritic cell subsets in suppressing tumor growth is discussed. Understanding the specificity of dendritic cell subsets will allow to gain insights on role of these cells in pathological conditions and to design new selective promising therapeutic approaches.

Dendritic cell subsets cancer tumor microenvironment cancer immunotherapy migration cytokines chemokines.

1. Introduction

An efficient T cell-mediated antitumor immune response requires cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens by Dendritic Cells (DCs)[1]. cDC1s represent a subset specialized in cross-presenting tumor antigens on MHC-I molecules to CD8+ T lymphocytes for the generation of efficient cytotoxic T cell (CTL)-mediated immunity (for a review,[2][3]). The critical role of cDC1s in antitumor immune defense was demonstrated by the genetic model of Batf3 deficient mice, where cDC1 depletion led to the inability to reject transplantable immunogenic tumors[4][5][6] and to sustain immunotherapies based on adoptive T cell transfer or immune checkpoint inhibition[5][7][8]. Several molecules involved in membrane trafficking are required for efficient tumor antigen cross-presentation, such as the Soluble NSE Attachment Protein Receptor (SNARE) member Sec22b and the regulator of vesicular trafficking WDFY4. These molecules are also required for the control of tumor growth and for the efficacy of anti-PD1-based immunotherapies[9][10]. In addition to cross-presentation, other cDC1-associated molecules are necessary to promote anti-tumor immunity and tumor rejection[11]. For the initial priming of CD8+ CTLs tumor antigens must be delivered to tumor-draining lymph nodes by migratory CD103+ cDC1s in a CCR7-dependent manner[12]. Although resident CD8α+ cDC1s may also be involved, migratory CD103+ cDC1s have unique abilities in tumor-antigen cross presentation[7][12]. The expression of XCR1 is crucial for cDC1 functions, since it favors their localization in response to the ligand (XCL1) produced by CTLs and NK cells and the XCR1/XCL1 axis appears indispensable in the development of efficient cytotoxic immunity[13][14]. cDC1s in turn orchestrate local anti-tumor immunity, being the main producer of CXCL9 and CXCL10, two chemokines active on CXCR3+ effector T and NK cells[8][15]. Both chemokines are considered to be crucial also in the positioning of memory CD8+ T cells in cDC1-rich areas in order to promote local T cell restimulation[16][17]. Moreover, by locally producing high amounts of IL-12, cDC1s promote CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production[5][18][19][20]. As a positive feedback loop, IFN-γ boosts IL-12 production by cDC1s and potentiates cross-presentation[18][21]. By producing CCL5, NK cells can recruit circulating cDC1s to neighboring tissues and tumors[22]. Intratumor cDC1s represent a crucial source of Flt3L a factor that sustains the viability and functions of cDC1s within the TME and promotes their local differentiation from precursor cells[23]. cDC1s not only promote CTL expansion by MHC-I-mediated Ag presentation but also promote the generation of CD4+ Th1 cells through the presentation of antigens on MHC class II[24]. The antitumor functions of cDC1s may also be supported by pDCs [25]. pDCs are a major source of type I IFN, a potent activator of antigen cross-presentation and CD8+ T cell antitumor response[26][27]. T cell-mediated anti-tumor response may also be induced by cytosolic DNA from dying tumor cells through the activation of cGAS/STING-mediated type I IFN production[28]. In summary, the interaction of cDC1s with components of both innate and adaptive immunity represents an efficient and versatile system for CTL activation and antitumor functions.

2. cDC2s

The role of cDC2s in cancer immunology is apparently more limited compared to that of cDC1s. This is possibly due to the lack of selective membrane markers that allow the clear identification of these cells in pathological contexts and the availability of few preclinical studies. Even if cDC2s are in many aspects less efficient than cDC1s, such as in taking up tumor antigens, trafficking to draining lymph nodes, producing IL-12, and stimulating CD8+ T cells[5][7][8][12], these cells are very efficient in the presentation of MHC-II-associated tumor antigens to CD4+ T cells[29][30][31][32][33]. Activated CD4+ T cells contribute to antitumor immunity not only by concurring in CTL activation, but also through the production of IFN-γ that activates NK cells and macrophages, inhibits angiogenesis, regulates the generation of tumor stroma, and promotes direct cytolytic effects[34].

The cross-talk between T cells and DC subsets plays a crucial role at different levels. Maximal induction of the cytotoxic CD8+ CTL response requires not only cDC1s, but also involves cDC2, as shown by differential localization and spatiotemporal interactions of the two DC subsets in draining lymph nodes during viral infection[24]. A similar type of collaboration is also conceivable to happen in tumors[35][36]. During tumor growth, cDC2s were shown to be suppressed in their ability to induce differentiation of antitumor CD4+ T cells. Depletion of T regulatory (Treg) cells was shown to enhance their migration and ability to prime proinflammatory CD4+ T cells for IFN-γ production and tumor rejection[37]. Moreover, a role for tumor cDC2s in inducing activation of CD4+ T cells towards IL-17-producing T lymphocytes has also been described[29]. Th17 cells are apparently crucial for the efficacy of cDC2 vaccination because of their capacity to reprogram pro-tumoral macrophages and to reduce suppressive myeloid cells[29].

Human studies show some overlapping functions between cDC1s and cDC2s, such as IL-12 production and requirement of Flt3L for their development[38][39]. Similar to cDC1s, the number of circulating cDC2s is usually decreased in tumor patients[40]. Nevertheless, cDC2s were shown to be part of an immune signature in early lung adenocarcinoma lesions[41]. In breast cancer lesions, the expression of costimulatory molecules by cDC2s were differentially regulated in relation to cancer subtype, being higher in triple negative than in luminal breast cancers[42]. cDC2s do not express a unique gene signature. Indeed, cDC2 share a common signature with monocytes, with only a few genes selectively expressed, such as CCL22, a gene that encodes for a chemokine active on CCR4+ T cells[42]. In a different study, the gene CD207 (that encodes for langerin) was identified as a specific marker for tumor-associated cDC2s, both in mouse and human lung cancers[43].

PDCs may favor antitumor immunity mostly through the production of IFN-α, an inhibitor of tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis[44]. PDCs possess direct cytotoxic activity through the expression of TRAIL and Granzyme B[45][46]; this function was reported both in in vitro and in vivo experimental models[47][48]. TLR7-mediated production of type IFN I is essential for the regulation of TRAIL and Granzyme B secretion by pDCs via IFNAR1 signaling[46][47][48] and inhibition of this pathway by an anti-BDCA-2 moAb resulted in decreased TRAIL-mediated cytotoxic functions[45]. PDCs can exert also indirect antitumor effects through the CCR5-mediated recruitment of NK cells and the OX40L-mediated induction of IFN-γ[49]. In head and neck squamous carcinoma, a morphologically, functionally, and transcriptionally unique pDC subset expressing high levels of OX40 was described for being able to synergize with cDCs in generating potent tumor antigen specific CD8+ T cell responses[50].

Because of the high degree of overlap with other myeloid cells, the relevance of moDCs in human tumors is unclear. MoDCs may have an important role in anti-tumor response promoting the proliferation of naïve CD8+ T cells[51]. In preclinical studies, moDCs were found to play a crucial role in mediating immune responses during chemotherapy, T cell adoptive therapy, and cell vaccination[52][53][54]. The main mechanisms exploited by DC subsets to perform efficient anti-tumor immune responses are summarized in Figure 1.

Ijms 21 03930 g001 550

Figure 1. Role of dendritic cells (DC) subsets in the regulation of the anti-tumor immune response. The main events that involve DC subsets and contribute to a robust anti-tumor response are illustrated. The anti-tumor action of DC subsets starts with the uptake of tumor antigens followed by DC recruitment to the draining lymph nodes, where antigen presentation to T cells occurs. cDC1s are specialized in tumor antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells, leading to tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) differentiation, whereas cDC2s are the most efficient CD4+ T cell activators. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), DCs induce the recruitment and activation of NK cells and CTLs through the production of IL-12 and other chemokines/cytokines. Plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) can kill tumor cells through the expression of TRAIL and Granzyme B (TDLN = tumor draining lymph node).[55]

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Subjects: Immunology
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Annalisa Del Prete
,
Francesca Sozio
,
Ilaria Barbazza
,
Valentina Salvi
,
Laura Tiberio
,
Mattia Laffranchi
,
Angela Gismondi
,
Daniela Bosisio
,
Tiziana Schioppa
,
Silvano Sozzani
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Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 05 Nov 2020
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