ATR-X Syndrome

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alpha-thalassemia-x-linked-intellectual-disability-syndrome

Alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome is an inherited disorder that affects many parts of the body. This condition occurs almost exclusively in males.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Males with alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome have intellectual disability and delayed development. Their speech is significantly delayed, and most never speak or sign more than a few words. Most affected children have weak muscle tone (hypotonia), which delays motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking. Some people with this disorder are never able to walk independently.

Almost everyone with alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome has distinctive facial features, including widely spaced eyes, a small nose with upturned nostrils, and low-set ears. The upper lip is shaped like an upside-down "V," and the lower lip tends to be prominent. These facial characteristics are most apparent in early childhood. Over time, the facial features become coarser, including a flatter face with a shortened nose.

Most affected individuals have mild signs of a blood disorder called alpha thalassemia. This disorder reduces the production of hemoglobin, which is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to cells throughout the body. A reduction in the amount of hemoglobin prevents enough oxygen from reaching the body's tissues. Rarely, affected individuals also have a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), which can cause pale skin, weakness, and fatigue.

Additional features of alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome include an unusually small head size (microcephaly), short stature, and skeletal abnormalities. Many affected individuals have problems with the digestive system, such as a backflow of stomach acids into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux) and chronic constipation. Genital abnormalities are also common; affected males may have undescended testes and the opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis (hypospadias). In more severe cases, the external genitalia do not look clearly male or female (ambiguous genitalia).

2. Frequency

Alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome appears to be a rare condition, although its exact prevalence is unknown. More than 200 affected individuals have been reported.

3. Causes

Alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome results from mutations in the ATRX gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays an essential role in normal development. Although the exact function of the ATRX protein is unknown, studies suggest that it helps regulate the activity (expression) of other genes. Among these genes are HBA1 and HBA2, which are necessary for normal hemoglobin production.

Mutations in the ATRX gene change the structure of the ATRX protein, which likely prevents it from effectively regulating gene expression. Reduced activity of the HBA1 and HBA2 genes causes alpha thalassemia. Abnormal expression of other genes, which have not been identified, probably causes developmental delay, distinctive facial features, and the other signs and symptoms of alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. The ATRX gene is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females (who have two X chromosomes), one working copy of the ATRX gene can usually compensate for the mutated copy. Therefore, females who carry a single mutated ATRX gene almost never have signs of alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome.

A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.

5. Other Names for This Condition

alpha thalassemia X-linked mental retardation syndrome
alpha thalassemia/mental retardation, X-linked
alpha-thalassemia X-linked mental retardation syndrome
alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, nondeletion type
ATRX syndrome
X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome
XLMR-hypotonic face syndrome
Alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome

References

Gibbons R. Alpha thalassaemia-mental retardation, X linked. Orphanet J RareDis. 2006 May 4;1:15. Review.
Gibbons RJ, Brueton L, Buckle VJ, Burn J, Clayton-Smith J, Davison BC, GardnerRJ, Homfray T, Kearney L, Kingston HM, et al. Clinical and hematologic aspects ofthe X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X). Am J MedGenet. 1995 Jan 30;55(3):288-99. Review.
Gibbons RJ, Higgs DR. Molecular-clinical spectrum of the ATR-X syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Fall;97(3):204-12. Review.
Gibbons RJ, Suthers GK, Wilkie AO, Buckle VJ, Higgs DR. X-linkedalpha-thalassemia/mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome: localization toXq12-q21.31 by X inactivation and linkage analysis. Am J Hum Genet. 1992Nov;51(5):1136-49.
Gibbons RJ, Wada T, Fisher CA, Malik N, Mitson MJ, Steensma DP, Fryer A,Goudie DR, Krantz ID, Traeger-Synodinos J. Mutations in the chromatin-associated protein ATRX. Hum Mutat. 2008 Jun;29(6):796-802. doi: 10.1002/humu.20734.
Higgs DR, Weatherall DJ. The alpha thalassaemias. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009Apr;66(7):1154-62. doi: 10.1007/s00018-008-8529-9. Review.
Martucciello G, Lombardi L, Savasta S, Gibbons RJ. Gastrointestinal phenotype of ATR-X syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Jun 1;140(11):1172-6.
Stevenson RE. Alpha-Thalassemia X-Linked Intellectual Disability Syndrome.2000 Jun 19 [updated 2020 May 28]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, WallaceSE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle(WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1449/
Villard L, Fontes M. Alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, X-Linked(ATR-X, MIM #301040, ATR-X/XNP/XH2 gene MIM #300032). Eur J Hum Genet. 2002Apr;10(4):223-5.

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Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The gene associated with Alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References