Swyer Syndrome

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/swyer-syndrome

Swyer syndrome is a condition that affects sexual development. Sexual development is usually determined by an individual's chromosomes; however, in Swyer syndrome, sexual development does not match the affected individual's chromosomal makeup.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

People usually have 46 chromosomes in each cell. Two of the 46 chromosomes, known as X and Y, are called sex chromosomes because they help determine whether a person will develop male or female sex characteristics. Girls and women typically have two X chromosomes (46,XX karyotype), while boys and men usually have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (46,XY karyotype). In Swyer syndrome, individuals with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each cell, the pattern typically found in boys and men, have female reproductive structures.

People with Swyer syndrome have typical female external genitalia. The uterus and fallopian tubes are normally-formed, but the gonads (ovaries or testes) are not functional; affected individuals have undeveloped clumps of tissue called streak gonads. Because of the lack of development of the gonads, Swyer syndrome is also called 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis. The residual gonadal tissue often becomes cancerous, so it is usually removed surgically early in life.

People with Swyer syndrome are typically raised as girls and have a female gender identity. Because they do not have functional ovaries, affected individuals usually begin hormone replacement therapy during adolescence to induce menstruation and development of female secondary sex characteristics such as breast enlargement and uterine growth. Hormone replacement therapy also helps reduce the risk of reduced bone density (osteopenia and osteoporosis). Women with this disorder do not produce eggs (ova), but they may be able to become pregnant with a donated egg or embryo.

Swyer syndrome usually affects only sexual development; such cases are called isolated Swyer syndrome. However, depending on the genetic cause, Swyer syndrome may also occur along with health conditions such as nerve problems (neuropathy) or as part of a syndrome such as campomelic dysplasia, which causes severe skeletal abnormalities.

2. Frequency

Swyer syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 80,000 people.

3. Causes

Mutations in the SRY gene have been identified in approximately 15 percent of individuals with Swyer syndrome. The SRY gene, located on the Y chromosome, provides instructions for making the sex-determining region Y protein. This protein is a transcription factor, which means it attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. The sex-determining region Y protein starts processes that are involved in male sexual development. These processes cause a fetus to develop male gonads (testes) and prevent the development of female reproductive structures (uterus and fallopian tubes). SRY gene mutations that cause Swyer syndrome prevent production of the sex-determining region Y protein or result in the production of a nonfunctioning protein. A fetus whose cells do not produce functional sex-determining region Y protein will not develop testes but will develop a uterus and fallopian tubes, despite having a typically male karyotype.

Swyer syndrome can also be caused by mutations in the MAP3K1 gene; research indicates that mutations in this gene may account for up to 18 percent of cases. The MAP3K1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps regulate signaling pathways that control various processes in the body. These include the processes of determining sexual characteristics before birth. The mutations in this gene that cause Swyer syndrome decrease signaling that leads to male sexual differentiation and enhance signaling that leads to female sexual differentiation, preventing the development of testes and allowing the development of a uterus and fallopian tubes.

Mutations in the DHH and NR5A1 genes have also been identified in small numbers of people with Swyer syndrome. The DHH gene provides instructions for making a protein that is important for early development of tissues in many parts of the body. The NR5A1 gene provides instructions for producing another transcription factor called the steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1). This protein helps control the activity of several genes related to the production of sex hormones and sexual differentiation. Mutations in the DHH and NR5A1 genes affect the process of sexual differentiation, preventing affected individuals with a typically male karyotype from developing testes and causing them to develop a uterus and fallopian tubes.

Changes affecting other genes have also been identified in a small number of people with Swyer syndrome. Nongenetic factors, such as hormonal medications taken by the mother during pregnancy, have also been associated with this condition. However, in most individuals with Swyer syndrome, the cause is unknown.

4. Inheritance

Most cases of Swyer syndrome are not inherited; they occur in people with no history of the condition in their family. These cases result either from nongenetic causes or from new (de novo) mutations in a gene that occur during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) or in early embryonic development.

SRY-related Swyer syndrome is usually caused by a new mutation. However, some individuals with Swyer syndrome inherit an altered SRY gene from an unaffected father who is mosaic for the mutation. Mosaic means that an individual has the mutation in some cells (including some reproductive cells) but not in others. In rare cases, a father may carry the mutation in every cell of the body but also has other genetic variations that prevent him from being affected by the condition. Because the SRY gene is on the Y chromosome, Swyer syndrome caused by SRY gene mutations is described as having a Y-linked inheritance pattern.

When Swyer syndrome is associated with an MAP3K1 or NR5A1 gene mutation, the condition is also usually caused by a new mutation. In the rare inherited cases, the mutation may be inherited from either parent, since these genes are not on the Y chromosome. In these cases, the condition has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition.

Swyer syndrome caused by mutations in the DHH gene is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition are carriers of one copy of the altered gene. Female carriers of a DHH gene mutation generally have typical sex development. Male carriers of a DHH gene mutation may also be unaffected, or they may have genital differences such as the urethra opening on the underside of the penis (hypospadias).

5. Other Names for This Condition

46,XY CGD
46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis
46,XY sex reversal
gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XY
gonadal dysgenesis, XY female type
pure gonadal dysgenesis 46,XY
XY pure gonadal dysgenesis

References

Arboleda VA, Sandberg DE, Vilain E. DSDs: genetics, underlying pathologies andpsychosexual differentiation. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Oct;10(10):603-15. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.130.
Baxter RM, Vilain E. Translational genetics for diagnosis of human disordersof sex development. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2013;14:371-92. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153417.
El-Khairi R, Achermann JC. Steroidogenic factor-1 and human disease. SeminReprod Med. 2012 Oct;30(5):374-81. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1324720.Review.
King TF, Conway GS. Swyer syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014Dec;21(6):504-10. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000113. Review.
Loke J, Pearlman A, Radi O, Zuffardi O, Giussani U, Pallotta R, Camerino G,Ostrer H. Mutations in MAP3K1 tilt the balance from SOX9/FGF9 to WNT/β-cateninsignaling. Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Feb 15;23(4):1073-83. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddt502.
Massanyi EZ, Dicarlo HN, Migeon CJ, Gearhart JP. Review and management of46,XY disorders of sex development. J Pediatr Urol. 2013 Jun;9(3):368-79. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.12.002.
Michala L, Goswami D, Creighton SM, Conway GS. Swyer syndrome: presentationand outcomes. BJOG. 2008 May;115(6):737-41. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01703.x.
Mohnach L, Fechner PY, Keegan CE. Nonsyndromic Disorders of TesticularDevelopment. 2008 May 21 [updated 2016 Jun 2]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, PagonRA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews®[Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Availablefrom http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1547/
Ostrer H. Disorders of sex development (DSDs): an update. J Clin EndocrinolMetab. 2014 May;99(5):1503-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3690.Review.
Patnayak R, Suresh V, Jena A, Rajagopal G, Vijayalakshmi B, Reddy AP,Rukumangadha M, Sachan A. Swyer syndrome: a case report with literature review.JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2012 Apr-Jun;52(186):72-4. Review.
Pearlman A, Loke J, Le Caignec C, White S, Chin L, Friedman A, Warr N, Willan J, Brauer D, Farmer C, Brooks E, Oddoux C, Riley B, Shajahan S, Camerino G,Homfray T, Crosby AH, Couper J, David A, Greenfield A, Sinclair A, Ostrer H.Mutations in MAP3K1 cause 46,XY disorders of sex development and implicate acommon signal transduction pathway in human testis determination. Am J Hum Genet.2010 Dec 10;87(6):898-904. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.003.
Zhu J, Liu X, Jin H, Lu X. Swyer syndrome, 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, a sexreversal disorder with dysgerminoma: a case report and literature review. ClinExp Obstet Gynecol. 2011;38(4):414-8. Review.

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Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1 The genes associated with Swyer syndrome

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References