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Yin, N. Cerebro-facio-thoracic Dysplasia. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4606 (accessed on 18 April 2024).
Yin N. Cerebro-facio-thoracic Dysplasia. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4606. Accessed April 18, 2024.
Yin, Nicole. "Cerebro-facio-thoracic Dysplasia" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4606 (accessed April 18, 2024).
Yin, N. (2020, December 24). Cerebro-facio-thoracic Dysplasia. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4606
Yin, Nicole. "Cerebro-facio-thoracic Dysplasia." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 December, 2020.
Cerebro-facio-thoracic Dysplasia
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/cerebro-facio-thoracic-dysplasia

Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia is a rare condition characterized by abnormal development (dysplasia) of the brain (cerebro) and structures in the face (facio) and torso (thoracic).

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

The problems with development lead to the key features of cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia, which include severe intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and abnormalities of the ribs and spinal bones (vertebrae).

In addition to intellectual disability, individuals with cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia have delayed development of speech and movement (motor) skills, and in some, these skills never develop. Nearly one-quarter of affected individuals never learn to speak and almost half are unable to walk. Weak muscle tone (hypotonia) and difficulty feeding occur in some affected infants. People with cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia can have behavioral problems, such as anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, or self-injuring behavior; however, many people with the condition are described as friendly and good-natured.

Distinctive facial features common in cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia include a wide, short skull (brachycephaly); highly arched eyebrows or eyebrows that grow together in the middle (synophrys); widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism); a wide nasal bridge; low-set ears; an upper lip with pronounced curves (Cupid's bow upper lip); and small teeth (microdontia). Some affected individuals have overgrowth of the gums (gingival hyperplasia), an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), or a split in the upper lip (cleft lip).

Problems with bone development in the torso (thorax) commonly leads to bone abnormalities such as two or more ribs that are joined together (fused) or ribs that are abnormally shaped with two prongs at one end (bifid ribs). Many people with cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia have abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis) due to malformation of the vertebrae; some vertebrae may also be fused. Additionally, the shoulder blades can be affected in people with this condition.

A wide variety of other features can occur in cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia, such as abnormalities involving the eyes, skin, or hair. Heart defects, digestive problems, or genitourinary problems (such as abnormal kidneys or reproductive organs) can also occur. Affected individuals may also have bone or joint abnormalities in other parts of the body.

2. Frequency

Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia is a rare disorder. Its prevalence is unknown.

3. Causes

Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia is caused by mutations in a gene called TMCO1. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that forms specialized structures called channels through which positively charged calcium atoms (calcium ions) flow. The protein is found in the membrane of a cell structure called the endoplasmic reticulum, which acts as a storage center for calcium ions. When there is too much calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum, four TMCO1 proteins come together to form a channel that releases the excess calcium into the surrounding fluid inside the cell (cytoplasm). Calcium acts as a signal for many cellular functions including control of cell growth and division and gene activity. The proper balance of calcium ions in cells and cell compartments is important for the development and function of various tissues and organs.

TMCO1 gene mutations result in a shortage of TMCO1 proteins. Without this protein, TMCO1 channels cannot form, and excess calcium builds up in the endoplasmic reticulum. The imbalance of calcium ions disrupts development of the brain and structures in the head, face, and torso, resulting in the features of cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia.

3.1. The Gene Associated with Cerebro-facio-thoracic Dysplasia

  • TMCO1

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

5. Other Names for This Condition

  • cerebrofaciothoracic dysplasia

  • CFSMR

  • CFTD

  • craniofacial dysmorphism, skeletal anomalies, and mental retardation syndrome

  • Pascual-Castroviejo syndrome

  • TMCO1 defect syndrome

References

  1. Alanay Y, Ergüner B, Utine E, Haçariz O, Kiper PO, Taşkıran EZ, Perçin F, UzE, Sağiroğlu MŞ, Yuksel B, Boduroglu K, Akarsu NA. TMCO1 deficiency causesautosomal recessive cerebrofaciothoracic dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A. 2014Feb;164A(2):291-304. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36248.
  2. Michael Yates T, Ng OH, Offiah AC, Willoughby J, Berg JN; DDD Study, JohnsonDS. Cerebrofaciothoracic dysplasia: Four new patients with a recurrent TMCO1pathogenic variant. Am J Med Genet A. 2019 Jan;179(1):43-49. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.60678.
  3. Pehlivan D, Karaca E, Aydin H, Beck CR, Gambin T, Muzny DM, Bilge Geckinli B, Karaman A, Jhangiani SN; Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR.Whole-exome sequencing links TMCO1 defect syndrome with cerebro-facio-thoracicdysplasia. Eur J Hum Genet. 2014 Sep;22(9):1145-8. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.291.
  4. Tender JAF, Ferreira CR. Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia (Pascual-Castroviejosyndrome): Identification of a novel mutation, use of facial recognitionanalysis, and review of the literature. Transl Sci Rare Dis. 2018 Apr13;3(1):37-43. doi: 10.3233/TRD-180022.
  5. Wang QC, Zheng Q, Tan H, Zhang B, Li X, Yang Y, Yu J, Liu Y, Chai H, Wang X,Sun Z, Wang JQ, Zhu S, Wang F, Yang M, Guo C, Wang H, Zheng Q, Li Y, Chen Q, ZhouA, Tang TS. TMCO1 Is an ER Ca(2+) Load-Activated Ca(2+) Channel. Cell. 2016 Jun2;165(6):1454-1466. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.051.
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
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Nicole Yin
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Update Date: 24 Dec 2020
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