Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/megalencephalic-leukoencephalopathy-with-subcortical-cysts

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts is a progressive condition that affects brain development and function.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Individuals with this condition typically have an enlarged brain (megalencephaly) that is evident at birth or within the first year of life. Megalencephaly leads to an increase in the size of the head (macrocephaly). Affected people also have leukoencephalopathy, an abnormality of the brain's white matter. White matter consists of nerve fibers covered by a fatty substance called myelin. Myelin insulates nerve cells (neurons) and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. In megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, the myelin is swollen and contains numerous fluid-filled pockets (vacuoles). Over time, the swelling decreases and the myelin begins to waste away (atrophy). Individuals affected with this condition may develop cysts in the brain; because these cysts form below an area of the brain called the cerebral cortex, they are called subcortical cysts. These cysts can grow in size and number.

The brain abnormalities in people with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts affect the use of muscles and lead to movement problems. Affected individuals typically experience muscle stiffness (spasticity) and difficulty coordinating movements (ataxia). Walking ability varies greatly among those affected. Some people lose the ability to walk early in life and need wheelchair assistance, while others are able to walk unassisted well into adulthood. Minor head trauma can further impair movements and may lead to coma. Affected individuals may also develop uncontrolled muscle tensing (dystonia), involuntary writhing movements of the limbs (athetosis), difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and impaired speech (dysarthria). More than half of all people with this condition have recurrent seizures (epilepsy). Despite the widespread brain abnormalities, people with this condition typically have only mild to moderate intellectual disability.

There are three types of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, which are distinguished by their signs and symptoms and genetic cause. Types 1 and 2A have different genetic causes but are nearly identical in signs and symptoms. Types 2A and 2B have the same genetic cause but the signs and symptoms of type 2B often begin to improve after one year. After improvement, individuals with type 2B usually have macrocephaly and may have intellectual disability.

2. Frequency

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts is a rare condition; its exact prevalence is unknown. More than 150 cases have been reported in the scientific literature.

3. Causes

Mutations in the MLC1 gene cause megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts type 1; this type accounts for 75 percent of all cases. The MLC1 gene provides instructions for producing a protein that is made primarily in the brain. The MLC1 protein is found in astroglial cells, which are a specialized form of brain cells called glial cells. Glial cells protect and maintain other neurons. The MLC1 protein functions at junctions that connect neighboring astroglial cells. The role of the MLC1 protein at the cell junction is unknown, but research suggests that it may control the flow of fluids into cells or the strength of cells' attachment to one another (cell adhesion).

Mutations in the HEPACAM gene cause megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts types 2A and 2B; together, these types account for 20 percent of all cases. The HEPACAM gene provides instructions for making a protein called GlialCAM. This protein primarily functions in the brain, particularly in glial cells. GlialCAM attaches (binds) to other GlialCAM proteins or to the MLC1 protein and guides them to cell junctions. The function of GlialCAM at the cell junction is unclear.

Most MLC1 gene mutations alter the structure of the MLC1 protein or prevent the cell from producing any of this protein, leading to a lack of functional MLC1 protein at the astroglial cell junctions. HEPACAM gene mutations lead to a protein that is unable to correctly transport GlialCAM and MLC1 proteins to cell junctions. It is unknown how a lack of functional MLC1 or GlialCAM protein at cell junctions in the brain impairs brain development and function, causing the signs and symptoms of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts.

Approximately 5 percent of people with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts do not have identified mutations in the MLC1 or HEPACAM gene. In these individuals, the cause of the disorder is unknown.

4. Inheritance

All cases of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts caused by mutations in the MLC1 gene (type 1) and some cases caused by mutations in the HEPACAM gene (type 2A) are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Autosomal recessive inheritance means both copies of a gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts type 2B is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered HEPACAM gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Most cases of type 2B result from new (de novo) mutations in the HEPACAM gene that occur during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) or in early embryonic development. These cases occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.

5. Other Names for This Condition

infantile leukoencephalopathy and megalencephaly
leukoencephalopathy with swelling and a discrepantly mild course
leukoencephalopathy with swelling and cysts
LVM
MLC
vacuolating leukoencephalopathy
vacuolating megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
van der Knaap disease

References

Arnedo T, Aiello C, Jeworutzki E, Dentici ML, Uziel G, Simonati A, Pusch M,Bertini E, Estévez R. Expanding the spectrum of megalencephalicleukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in two patients with GLIALCAMmutations. Neurogenetics. 2014 Mar;15(1):41-8. doi: 10.1007/s10048-013-0381-x.
Arnedo T, López-Hernández T, Jeworutzki E, Capdevila-Nortes X, Sirisi S, PuschM, Estévez R. Functional analyses of mutations in HEPACAM causing megalencephalicleukoencephalopathy. Hum Mutat. 2014 Oct;35(10):1175-8. doi: 10.1002/humu.22622.
Ilja Boor PK, de Groot K, Mejaski-Bosnjak V, Brenner C, van der Knaap MS,Scheper GC, Pronk JC. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts:an update and extended mutation analysis of MLC1. Hum Mutat. 2006Jun;27(6):505-12.
López-Hernández T, Sirisi S, Capdevila-Nortes X, Montolio M, Fernández-Dueñas V, Scheper GC, van der Knaap MS, Casquero P, Ciruela F, Ferrer I, Nunes V,Estévez R. Molecular mechanisms of MLC1 and GLIALCAM mutations in megalencephalicleukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Aug15;20(16):3266-77. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr238.
Montagna G, Teijido O, Eymard-Pierre E, Muraki K, Cohen B, Loizzo A, Grosso P,Tedeschi G, Palacín M, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Bertini E, Santorelli FM, Estévez R.Vacuolating megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts:functional studies of novel variants in MLC1. Hum Mutat. 2006 Mar;27(3):292.
Pascual-Castroviejo I, van der Knaap MS, Pronk JC, García-Segura JM,Gutiérrez-Molina M, Pascual-Pascual SI. Vacuolating megalencephalicleukoencephalopathy: 24 year follow-up of two siblings. Neurologia. 2005Jan-Feb;20(1):33-40.
Singhal BS, Gorospe JR, Naidu S. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy withsubcortical cysts. J Child Neurol. 2003 Sep;18(9):646-52. Review.

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Rita Xu

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Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The Genes Associated with Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References