Hyperprolinemia

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hyperprolinemia

Hyperprolinemia is an excess of a particular protein building block (amino acid), called proline, in the blood. This condition generally occurs when proline is not broken down properly by the body. There are two inherited forms of hyperprolinemia, called type I and type II.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

People with hyperprolinemia type I often do not show any symptoms, although they have proline levels in their blood between 3 and 10 times the normal level. Some individuals with hyperprolinemia type I exhibit seizures, intellectual disability, or other neurological or psychiatric problems.

Hyperprolinemia type II results in proline levels in the blood between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. This form of the disorder has signs and symptoms that vary in severity, and is more likely than type I to involve seizures or intellectual disability.

Hyperprolinemia can also occur with other conditions, such as malnutrition or liver disease. In particular, individuals with conditions that cause elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood (lactic acidemia) may have hyperprolinemia as well, because lactic acid inhibits the breakdown of proline.

2. Frequency

It is difficult to determine the prevalence of hyperprolinemia type I because most people with the condition do not have any symptoms. Hyperprolinemia type II is a rare condition; its prevalence is also unknown.

3. Causes

Mutations in the ALDH4A1 and PRODH genes cause hyperprolinemia.

Inherited hyperprolinemia is caused by deficiencies in the enzymes that break down (degrade) proline. Hyperprolinemia type I is caused by a mutation in the PRODH gene, which provides instructions for producing the enzyme proline oxidase. This enzyme begins the process of degrading proline by starting the reaction that converts it to pyrroline-5-carboxylate.

Hyperprolinemia type II is caused by a mutation in the ALDH4A1 gene, which provides instructions for producing the enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. This enzyme helps to break down the pyrroline-5-carboxylate produced in the previous reaction, converting it to the amino acid glutamate. The conversion between proline and glutamate, and the reverse reaction controlled by different enzymes, are important in maintaining a supply of the amino acids needed for protein production, and for energy transfer within the cell.

A deficiency of either proline oxidase or pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase results in a buildup of proline in the body. A deficiency of the latter enzyme leads to higher levels of proline and a buildup of the intermediate breakdown product pyrroline-5-carboxylate, causing the signs and symptoms of hyperprolinemia type II.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. In about one-third of cases, individuals carrying one copy of an altered PRODH gene have moderately elevated levels of proline in their blood, but these levels do not cause any health problems. Individuals with one altered ALDH4A1 gene have normal levels of proline in their blood.

5. Other Names for This Condition

proline oxidase deficiency
prolinemia
pyrroline carboxylate dehydrogenase deficiency
pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase deficiency

References

Campbell HD, Webb GC, Young IG. A human homologue of the Drosophilamelanogaster sluggish-A (proline oxidase) gene maps to 22q11.2, and is acandidate gene for type-I hyperprolinaemia. Hum Genet. 1997 Nov;101(1):69-74.
Geraghty MT, Vaughn D, Nicholson AJ, Lin WW, Jimenez-Sanchez G, Obie C, Flynn MP, Valle D, Hu CA. Mutations in the Delta1-pyrroline 5-carboxylate dehydrogenasegene cause type II hyperprolinemia. Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Sep;7(9):1411-5.
Humbertclaude V, Rivier F, Roubertie A, Echenne B, Bellet H, Vallat C, MorinD. Is hyperprolinemia type I actually a benign trait? Report of a case withsevere neurologic involvement and vigabatrin intolerance. J Child Neurol. 2001Aug;16(8):622-3.
Jacquet H, Berthelot J, Bonnemains C, Simard G, Saugier-Veber P, Raux G,Campion D, Bonneau D, Frebourg T. The severe form of type I hyperprolinaemiaresults from homozygous inactivation of the PRODH gene. J Med Genet. 2003Jan;40(1):e7.
Shivananda, Christopher R, Kumar P. Type I hyperprolinemia. Indian J Pediatr. 2000 Jul;67(7):541-3.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Camila Xu

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The genes associated with Hyperprolinemia

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References